28th Alberta Legislature
| 28th Alberta Legislature | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Majority parliament | |||
| May. 23, 2012 – Apr. 7, 2015 | |||
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| Parliament leaders | |||
| Premier | Alison Redford October 7, 2011 – March 23, 2014 | ||
| Dave Hancock March 23, 2014 – September 15, 2014 | |||
| Jim Prentice September 15, 2014 – May 24. 2015 | |||
| Cabinet | Redford cabinet Prentice cabinet | ||
| Leader of the Opposition | Danielle Smith April 24, 2012 – December 17, 2014 | ||
| Heather Forsyth December 22, 2014 – June 1, 2015 | |||
| Party caucuses | |||
| Government | Progressive Conservative Association | ||
| Opposition | Wildrose Party | ||
| Recognized | Liberal Party | ||
| New Democratic Party | |||
| Legislative Assembly | |||
| Speaker of the Assembly | Gene Zwozdesky May 23, 2012 – June 11, 2015 | ||
| Government House leader | Dave Hancock March 12, 2008 – September 5, 2013 | ||
| Robin Campbell December 6, 2013 – September 14, 2014 | |||
| Diana McQueen September 15, 2014 – November 12, 2014 | |||
| Jonathan Denis November 12, 2014 – May 5, 2015 | |||
| Opposition House leader | Rob Anderson May 1, 2012 – December 17, 2014 | ||
| Shayne Saskiw December 22, 2014 – May 5, 2015 | |||
| Members | 87 MLA seats | ||
| Sovereign | |||
| Monarch | Elizabeth II February 6, 1952 – September 8, 2022 | ||
| Lieutenant governor | Hon. Donald Ethell May 11, 2010 – June 12, 2015 | ||
| Sessions | |||
| 1st session May 23, 2012 – March 1, 2014 | |||
| 2nd session March 3, 2014 – September 18, 2014 | |||
| 3rd session November 17, 2014 – April 7, 2015 | |||
| |||
The 28th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from May 23, 2012, to April 7, 2015, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 2012 Alberta general election held on April 23, 2012. The Legislature officially resumed on May 23, 2012, and continued until the third session was prorogued and dissolved on April 7, 2015, prior to the 2015 Alberta general election on May 5, 2015.
Alberta's twenty-sixth government was controlled by the majority Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, led by Premier Alison Redford until her resignation on March 23, 2014, and subsequently led by Dave Hancock temporarily until Jim Prentice was confirmed leader of the Progressive Conservatives in September. The Official Opposition was led by Danielle Smith of the Wildrose Party until she crossed the floor to join the PCs, and the opposition was subsequently led by Heather Forsyth. The Speaker was Gene Zwozdesky.
Bills
The Public Service Salary Restraint Act (informally referred to as Bill 46) is an Act of the Legislature of Alberta passed in 2013. The Bill was introduced in 2013 by Finance Minister Doug Horner. The bill passed first, second, and third readings and went into effect on December 11, 2013.[1] The law applies only to negotiations with the province's largest public-sector union, the Alberta Union of Provincial Employees (AUPE).
In February 2014 Court of Queen's Bench Justice Denny Thomas granted an indefinite injunction against the Bill saying "the legislation could irreparably harm labour relations, guts the collective bargaining process and effectively emasculates the AUPE".[2]
On April 28, 2014, details emerged of a deal reached between the Hancock government and the AUPE. The tentative agreement called for a lump-sum payment of $1,850 the first year followed by pay increases totalling 6.75 per cent over three years. Members of the AUPE will vote on the agreement in June 2014 before the government ratifies it.[3]
The deal was announced Monday, the same day the government dropped its appeal of an injunction the union won against legislation that would have imposed an austere contract similar to ones that went into effect last year for Alberta physicians and teachers.[3]
Membership in the 28th Alberta Legislative Assembly
| Member | Party | Constituency | First elected/ previously elected | No.# of term(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rob Anderson | Wildrose | Airdrie | 2008[a] | 2nd term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Jeff Johnson | Progressive Conservative | Athabasca-Sturgeon-Redwater | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Ron Casey | Progressive Conservative | Banff-Cochrane | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Maureen Kubinec | Progressive Conservative | Barrhead-Morinville-Westlock | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Doug Griffiths | Progressive Conservative | Battle River-Wainwright | 2002 | 4th term | |
| Vacant | |||||
| Genia Leskiw | Progressive Conservative | Bonnyville-Cold Lake | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Jonathan Denis | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Acadia | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Alana DeLong | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Bow | 2001 | 4th term | |
| Kent Hehr | Liberal | Calgary-Buffalo | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Yvonne Fritz | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Cross | 1993 | 6th term | |
| Christine Cusanelli | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Currie | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Moe Amery | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-East | 1993 | 6th term | |
| Alison Redford | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Elbow | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Gordon Dirks (2014) | Progressive Conservative | 2014 | 1st term | ||
| Heather Forsyth | Wildrose | Calgary-Fish Creek | 1993[a] | 6th term | |
| Len Webber | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Foothills | 2004 | 3rd term | |
| Independent | |||||
| Jim Prentice (2014) | Progressive Conservative | 2014 | 1st term | ||
| Wayne Cao | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Fort | 1997 | 5th term | |
| Linda Johnson | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Glenmore | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Manmeet Bhullar | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Greenway | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Jason Luan | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Hawkwood | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Ric McIver | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Hays | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Kyle Fawcett | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Klein | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Dave Rodney | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Lougheed | 2004 | 3rd term | |
| Neil Brown | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Mackay-Nose Hill | 2004 | 3rd term | |
| Darshan Kang | Liberal | Calgary-McCall | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| David Swann | Liberal | Calgary-Mountain View | 2004 | 3rd term | |
| Sandra Jansen | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-North West | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Teresa Woo-Paw | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Northern Hills | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Jeff Wilson | Wildrose | Calgary-Shaw | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Rick Fraser | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-South East | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Donna Kennedy-Glans | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-Varsity | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Independent | |||||
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Ken Hughes | Progressive Conservative | Calgary-West | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Mike Ellis (2014) | Progressive Conservative | 2014 | 1st term | ||
| Gary Bikman | Wildrose | Cardston-Taber-Warner | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Bruce McAllister | Wildrose | Chestermere-Rocky View | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Drew Barnes | Wildrose | Cypress-Medicine Hat | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Diana McQueen | Progressive Conservative | Drayton Valley-Devon | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Rick Strankman | Wildrose | Drumheller-Stettler | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Hector Goudreau | Progressive Conservative | Dunvegan-Central Peace-Notley | 2001 | 4th term | |
| Deron Bilous | NDP | Edmonton-Beverly-Clareview | 2012 | 1st term | |
| David Eggen | NDP | Edmonton-Calder | 2004, 2012 | 2nd term* | |
| Thomas Lukaszuk | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Castle Downs | 2001 | 4th term | |
| Laurie Blakeman | Liberal | Edmonton-Centre | 1997 | 5th term | |
| Janice Sarich | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Decore | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Naresh Bhardwaj | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Ellerslie | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Heather Klimchuk | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Glenora | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| David Dorward | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Gold Bar | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Brian Mason | NDP | Edmonton-Highlands-Norwood | 2000 | 5th term | |
| Peter Sandhu | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Manning | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Independent | |||||
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| David Xiao | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-McClung | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Raj Sherman | Liberal | Edmonton-Meadowlark | 2008[a] | 2nd term | |
| Gene Zwozdesky | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Mill Creek | 1993[b] | 6th term | |
| Sohail Quadri | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Mill Woods | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Steve Young | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Riverview | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Fred Horne | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Rutherford | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Matt Jeneroux | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-South West | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Rachel Notley | NDP | Edmonton-Strathcona | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Dave Hancock | Progressive Conservative | Edmonton-Whitemud | 1997 | 5th term | |
| Stephen Mandel (2014) | Progressive Conservative | 2014 | 1st term | ||
| Don Scott | Progressive Conservative | Fort McMurray-Conklin | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Mike Allen | Progressive Conservative | Fort McMurray-Wood Buffalo | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Independent | |||||
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Jacquie Fenske | Progressive Conservative | Fort Saskatchewan-Vegreville | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Everett McDonald | Progressive Conservative | Grande Prairie-Smoky | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Wayne Drysdale | Progressive Conservative | Grande Prairie-Wapiti | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Danielle Smith | Wildrose | Highwood | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Kerry Towle | Wildrose | Innisfail-Sylvan Lake | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Shayne Saskiw | Wildrose | Lac La Biche-St. Paul-Two Hills | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Rod Fox | Wildrose | Lacombe-Ponoka | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| George Rogers | Progressive Conservative | Leduc-Beaumont | 2004 | 3rd term | |
| Pearl Calahasen | Progressive Conservative | Lesser Slave Lake | 1989 | 7th term | |
| Bridget Pastoor | Progressive Conservative | Lethbridge-East | 2004[b] | 3rd term | |
| Greg Weadick | Progressive Conservative | Lethbridge-West | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Ian Donovan | Wildrose | Little Bow | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Pat Stier | Wildrose | Livingstone-Macleod | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Blake Pedersen | Wildrose | Medicine Hat | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Bruce Rowe | Wildrose | Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Frank Oberle | Progressive Conservative | Peace River | 2004 | 3rd term | |
| Mary Anne Jablonski | Progressive Conservative | Red Deer-North | 2000 | 5th term | |
| Cal Dallas | Progressive Conservative | Red Deer-South | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Joe Anglin | Wildrose | Rimbey-Rocky Mountain House-Sundre | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Independent | |||||
| Cathy Olesen | Progressive Conservative | Sherwood Park | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Doug Horner | Progressive Conservative | Spruce Grove-St. Albert | 2001 | 4th term | |
| Vacant | |||||
| Stephen Khan | Progressive Conservative | St. Albert | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Ken Lemke | Progressive Conservative | Stony Plain | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Dave Quest | Progressive Conservative | Strathcona-Sherwood Park | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Jason Hale | Wildrose | Strathmore-Brooks | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Progressive Conservative | |||||
| Richard Starke | Progressive Conservative | Vermilion-Lloydminster | 2012 | 1st term | |
| Robin Campbell | Progressive Conservative | West Yellowhead | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| Verlyn Olson | Progressive Conservative | Wetaskiwin-Camrose | 2008 | 2nd term | |
| George VanderBurg | Progressive Conservative | Whitecourt-Ste. Anne | 2001 | 4th term | |
Seating plan
As of March 2014
| Casey | Khan | Xiao | Anglin | Bikman | Fox | Rowe | Strankman | Stier | Webber | Allen | Kennedy-Glans | ||||||
| Jablonski | Kubinec | Olesen | Barnes | Pedersen | McAllister | Towle | Saskiw | Donovan | Kang | Swann | Eggen | Bilous | |||||
| Rogers | Amery | Jeneroux | Wilson | Anderson | Smith | Forsyth | Hale | Sherman | Blakeman | Hehr | Mason | Notley | |||||
| Zwozdesky | |||||||||||||||||
| Drysdale | Oberle | Hughes | McIver | J. Johnson | Horne | Horner | Campbell | Redford | Hancock | McQueen | Klimchuk | Olson | Dallas | Bhullar | Denis | Lukaszuk | |
| Fritz | Fraser | Rodney | Quest | Griffiths | Starke | Dorward | VanderBurg | Jansen | Woo-Paw | Weadick | Fawcett | Scott | Bhardwaj | Pastoor | |||
| Goudreau | Lemke | Cao | Quadri | Calahasen | Sandhu | McDonald | Fenske | L. Johnson | Leskiw | Cusanelli | Brown | DeLong | Luan | Sarich | Young |
Official Seating Plan (Retrieved March 17, 2014)
In the final year of the 28th Assembly, the seating plan changed drastically due to floor-crossing and new party leaders for all four recognized parties.
As of March 2015
| Leskiw | Fritz | Goudreau | Anderson | Rowe | Pastoor | Cao | Anglin | ||||||||||
| Jablonski | Dallas | Hale | DeLong | Horne | Kennedy-Glans | Barnes | Stier | Strankman | Sherman | Kang | Mason | Bilous | |||||
| Rogers | Brown | Young | Weadick | Quest | Amery | Forsyth | Saskiw | Blakeman | Swann | Hehr | Notley | Eggen | |||||
| Zwozdesky | |||||||||||||||||
| Khan | Drysdale | J. Johnson | Fawcett | Klimchuk | Dirks | Mandel | Campbell | Prentice | Denis | McQueen | Oberle | Bhullar | Olson | Scott | Kubinec | McIver | |
| Sarich | Starke | Olesen | Bhardwaj | Dorward | Woo-Paw | McAllister | Lemke | VanderBurg | Jansen | Rodney | Smith | Fraser | Cusanelli | Quadri | Fox | ||
| Allen | Wilson | Lukaszuk | Pedersen | Casey | Donovan | Calahasen | Jeneroux | L. Johnson | Ellis | Fenske | McDonald | Xiao | Towle | Bikman | Luan | Sandhu |
Official Seating Plan (Retrieved March 10, 2015)
Standings changes since the 28th general election
| Number of members per party by date |
2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apr 23 | May 14 | Jul 16 | Dec 10 | Mar 12 | Mar 17 | Jul 7 | Aug 6 | Sep 15 | Sep 17 | Sep 29 | Oct 27 | Nov 2 | Nov 24 | Dec 17 | Jan 26 | Jan 31 | |||
| Progressive Conservative | 61 | 60 | 59 | 60 | 59 | 58 | 59 | 58 | 57 | 58 | 57 | 61 | 63 | 72 | 71 | 70 | |||
| Wildrose | 17 | 16 | 14 | 5 | |||||||||||||||
| Liberal | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| New Democratic | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Alberta Party | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Independent | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||
| Total members | 87 | 86 | 85 | 83 | 87 | 86 | 85 | ||||||||||||
| Vacant | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Government Majority | 35 | 33 | 31 | 33 | 31 | 29 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 31 | 35 | 39 | 57 | 56 | 55 | ||||
After the defections of 11 Wildrose MLA's, the Liberals and Wildrose were tied at 5 seats each, but the Speaker ruled that Wildrose would continue as the Official Opposition, a status that carries additional funding and privileges.[4]
| Membership changes in the 28th Assembly | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Name | District | Party | Reason | |
| April 23, 2012 | See list of members | Election day of the 28th Alberta general election | |||
| May 14, 2013 | Peter Sandhu | Edmonton-Manning | Independent | Left Progressive Conservative caucus[5] | |
| July 16, 2013 | Mike Allen | Fort McMurray-Wood Buffalo | Independent | Left Progressive Conservative caucus[6] | |
| December 10, 2013 | Peter Sandhu | Edmonton-Manning | Progressive Conservative | Rejoined Progressive Conservative caucus[7] | |
| March 12, 2014 | Len Webber | Calgary-Foothills | Independent | Left Progressive Conservative caucus[8] | |
| March 17, 2014 | Donna Kennedy-Glans | Calgary-Varsity | Independent | Left Progressive Conservative caucus[9] | |
| July 7, 2014 | Mike Allen | Fort McMurray-Wood Buffalo | Progressive Conservative | Rejoined Progressive Conservative caucus[10] | |
| August 6, 2014 | Alison Redford | Calgary-Elbow | Progressive Conservative | Resigned seat[11] | |
| September 15, 2014 | Dave Hancock | Edmonton-Whitemud | Progressive Conservative | Resigned seat[12] | |
| September 17, 2014 | Donna Kennedy-Glans | Calgary-Varsity | Progressive Conservative | Rejoined Progressive Conservative caucus[13] | |
| September 29, 2014 | Len Webber | Calgary-Foothills | Independent | Resigned seat[14] | |
| September 29, 2014 | Ken Hughes | Calgary-West | Progressive Conservative | Resigned seat[14] | |
| October 27, 2014 | Gordon Dirks | Calgary-Elbow | Progressive Conservative | Elected in a by-election[15] | |
| October 27, 2014 | Jim Prentice | Calgary-Foothills | Progressive Conservative | Elected in a by-election[15] | |
| October 27, 2014 | Mike Ellis | Calgary-West | Progressive Conservative | Elected in a by-election[15] | |
| October 27, 2014 | Stephen Mandel | Edmonton-Whitemud | Progressive Conservative | Elected in a by-election[15] | |
| November 2, 2014 | Joe Anglin | Rimbey-Rocky Mountain House-Sundre | Independent | Left Wildrose caucus[16] | |
| November 24, 2014 | Kerry Towle | Innisfail-Sylvan Lake | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus[17] | |
| November 24, 2014 | Ian Donovan | Little Bow | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus[17] | |
| December 17, 2014 | Danielle Smith | Highwood | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus | |
| December 17, 2014 | Rob Anderson | Airdrie | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus | |
| December 17, 2014 | Gary Bikman | Cardston-Taber-Warner | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus | |
| December 17, 2014 | Rod Fox | Lacombe-Ponoka | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus | |
| December 17, 2014 | Jason Hale | Strathmore-Brooks | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus | |
| December 17, 2014 | Bruce McAllister | Chestermere-Rocky View | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus | |
| December 17, 2014 | Blake Pedersen | Medicine Hat | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus | |
| December 17, 2014 | Bruce Rowe | Olds-Didsbury-Three Hills | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus | |
| December 17, 2014 | Jeff Wilson | Calgary-Shaw | Progressive Conservative | Joined Progressive Conservative caucus | |
| January 26, 2015 | Doug Griffiths | Battle River-Wainwright | Progressive Conservative | Resigned seat[18] | |
| January 31, 2015 | Doug Horner | Spruce Grove-St. Albert | Progressive Conservative | Resigned seat[19] | |
Notes
References
- ^ "Bill 46: Public Service Salary Restraint Act (Horner)". assembly.ab.ca. Legislative Assembly of Alberta. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ Wood, James (February 18, 2014). "Redford says she won't back down on labour law allowing mandatory settlements". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
- ^ a b "Details emerge on 4-year AUPE deal". CBC News. The Canadian Press. April 29, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ "Wildrose stays as official opposition in Alberta".
- ^ O'Donnell, Sarah (May 14, 2013). "Edmonton Conservative MLA withdraws from caucus while ethics investigation underway". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
- ^ "Alberta MLA quits PC caucus after U.S. prostitution arrest". CBC News. July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
- ^ "MLA Peter Sandhu back in PC caucus". CBC News. December 10, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
- ^ Wood, James (March 12, 2014). "MLA won't remain a Tory 'with her as leader of the party'". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
- ^ Berrett, Jessica (March 18, 2014). "Associate minister leaves Tories, blaming culture of entitlement". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
- ^ Mertz, Emily (July 7, 2014). "Alberta MLA Mike Allen back in PC Caucus". Global News. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
- ^ Kleiss, Karen (August 6, 2014). "Alison Redford resigns seat, leaves politics". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
- ^ Bennett, Dean (September 12, 2014). "Outgoing Alberta premier Dave Hancock resigns MLA seat". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
- ^ "Kennedy-Glans returns to Alberta PC caucus". Global News. September 17, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2014.
- ^ a b Howell, Trevor (September 30, 2014). "Prentice to run in Calgary-Foothills as four byelections called". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
- ^ a b c d "Alberta byelections swept by Jim Prentice's Progressive Conservative Party". CBC News. October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
- ^ "Joe Anglin quits Wildrose caucus, will sit as independent". CBC News. November 2, 2014. Retrieved November 2, 2014.
- ^ a b "Wildrose MLAs leave party to join PCs". Global Edmonton. November 24, 2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
- ^ "Raj Sherman stepping down as Alberta Liberal leader". CBC News. January 26, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
- ^ "Doug Horner resigning as MLA at end of January". CBC News. January 22, 2015. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
