All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce

All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
中华全国工商业联合会
AbbreviationACFIC
Formation1953
FounderChen Shutong
TypeBusiness association
Legal statusPeople's organization
Location
Members4.71 million
Key people
Gao Yunlong
(Chairman)
Xu Lejiang
(Executive Vice Chairman)
Parent organization
United Front Work Department
Websitewww.chinachamber.org.cn (in English)
www.acfic.org.cn (in Chinese)
All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce
Simplified Chinese中华全国工商业联合会
Traditional Chinese中華全國工商業聯合會
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōnghuá Quánguó Gōngshāngyè Liánhéhuì
Abbreviation
Simplified Chinese全国工商联
Traditional Chinese全國工商聯
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinQuánguó Gōngshānglián
All-China Chamber of Industry and Commerce
Simplified Chinese中国民间商会
Traditional Chinese中國民間商會
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Mínjiān Shānghuì

The All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce (ACFIC) is a people's organization and chamber of commerce, established in 1953 as a successor to the chambers of commerce that were first founded during the Qing dynasty.

The organization is overseen by the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, is a constituent organization of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), and its delegates hold a number of seats in the National People's Congress. The organization assists the government in managing China's private sector economy and acts as a bridge between the private sector entities and the government.[1][2][3]

History

The ACFIC is a non-governmental chamber of commerce established in 1953.[4]: 167  It was intended as a successor to the pre-1949 chambers of commerce.[5]: 179  The ACFIC was established to advance the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s interests and promote the party's policies among private entrepreneurs.[4]: 167 

Later in the Mao Zedong era, the ACFIC stopped functioning as the state absorbed private capital, enterprises, and equipment.[5]: 179  It resumed operating in 1979.[5]: 179 

Prior to the 1990s, the ACFIC's membership drew from private and state-owned enterprises.[5]: 180  During the 1990s, it became increasingly focused on the private sector.[5]: 180  Private sector entrepreneurs began holding leadership roles in the ACFIC beginning in 1993.[5]: 180  In 1997, ACFIC excluded the state-owned sector from membership.[5]: 180 

Organization

The ACFIC is overseen by the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.[6]: 15  It is led by a ministerial-level CCP secretary and chairman. The chairman has usually been a member of the China National Democratic Construction Association, also serving as a vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.[7] ACFIC leadership is chosen through consultation between the CCP and private enterprise.[8] Its administrative staff are civil servants paid by the party-state.[5]: 180 

The ACFIC is a constituent of the CPPCC and is allocated seats to the NPC.[9]

It functions as a bridge between its affiliated business associations and the People's Political Consultative Conferences.[5]: 191  ACFIC seeks to influence policy through submitting proposals to the CPPCC, a process which requires relevant government ministries to investigate the proposals and prepare a formal response.[4]: 167  These proposals include matters of interest to the private sector generally, particular industries, or matters specific to particular enterprises or business associations.[5]: 191 

Research by academics Dongya Huang and Minglu Chen concludes that between 2009 and 2016, 20% of ACFIC's national level proposals resulted in new policies or policy changes.[5]: 191 

Other major ACFIC activities include workshops and training sessions to teach Communist Party policies and ideology to ACFIC members.[5]: 180 

More than 3,000 regional federations of industry and commerce (FIC) have been established in all provinces and prefectures and most counties of China. The relationship between ACFIC and the regional FIC is described as a role of guidance, but the statute of ACFIC is also valid for the regional federations.[10]

In September 2020, the CCP announced that it would establish more party committees in regional FICs, and would arrange a special liaison between them and the CCP.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Weil, Stefanie (2016-12-01). Lobbying and Foreign Interests in Chinese Politics. Springer. pp. 82–118. ISBN 978-1-137-55620-2.
  2. ^ Dotson, John (September 28, 2020). "The CCP's New Directives for United Front Work in Private Enterprises". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  3. ^ Yan, Xiaojun; Huang, Jie (2017). "Navigating Unknown Waters: The Chinese Communist Party's New Presence in the Private Sector". China Review. 17 (2): 37–63. ISSN 1680-2012. JSTOR 44440170.
  4. ^ a b c Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001. ISBN 9780197682258.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chen, Minglu (2025). "Co-Opting the Private Sector". In Hillman, Ben; Ji, Fengyuan (eds.). The Communist Party of China: Understanding the Durability of the World's Most Powerful Political Organization. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009668385. ISBN 978-1-009-66843-9.
  6. ^ Hillman, Ben (2025). "The Communist Party of China: Understanding Its Durability". In Hillman, Ben; Ji, Fengyuan (eds.). The Communist Party of China: Understanding the Durability of the World's Most Powerful Political Organization. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009668385. ISBN 978-1-009-66843-9.
  7. ^ "Decoding Chinese Politics". Asia Society. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  8. ^ Li, David Daokui (2024). China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 135. ISBN 978-0393292398.
  9. ^ Groot, Gerry (June 19, 2018). "Understanding the Role of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Associations in United Front Work". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  10. ^ "ACFIC Website (in Chinese)". Archived from the original on 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  11. ^ General Office of the CPC Central Committee. "Opinions on Strengthening the United Front Work of Private Economy in the New Era". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
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