Arke

Arke
Messenger goddess
A winged goddess with a caduceus on a Greek fragmentary black-figure vase from Eleusis.
AbodeTartarus
Genealogy
ParentsThaumas[a]
SiblingsIris, Harpies: Aello (Podarge), Celaeno, and Ocypete, and possibly Hydaspes

In Greek mythology, Arke or Arce (Ancient Greek: Ἄρκη, romanized: Árkē, lit. 'swift') is one of the daughters of Thaumas, and sister to the rainbow goddess Iris. During the Titanomachy, Arke fled from the Olympians' camp and joined the Titans, unlike Iris who remained loyal to Zeus and his allies. After the war was over and the Titans with their allies were defeated, Zeus cut off her wings and cast Arke into Tartarus to be kept imprisoned for all eternity.

Family and attributes

The goddess Arke was born to Thaumas, a minor god; no mother of hers is mentioned anywhere.[1][a] She and her sister Iris were both messenger deities; Iris is notably also the goddess of the rainbow, but unlike her, Arke has no established connection to rainbows. Like Iris however Arke also sported wings which might be a nod to some primeval force or element she represented, but it is not clear what that would be.[2]

Mythology

According to Ptolemy Hephaestion, Arke was a supporter of the Olympian gods in their war against the Titans, before defecting to the opposing side. This betrayal resulted in Zeus stripping her of her wings (which were given to the goddess Thetis at her wedding) and banishing her to Tartarus.[3]

When the Olympians eventually prevailed over their enemies, their leader Zeus punished Arke severely for her defection. She was deprived of her wings and cast into the deep pit called Tartarus, together with the vanquished Titans.[4] Arke's torn wings were later given to Peleus and Thetis as a gift on their wedding day; Thetis in turn later gave them to her son Achilles, which is thought to be the derivation of his surname Podarces (literally "swift-footed", as if from πούς, gen. ποδός "foot" + the name of Arke).[5]

In Eumelus of Corinth's lost epic poem the Titanomachy which chronicled the battle between the Olympians and the Titans, it seems that the messenger of the Titans was called Ithas or Ithax, a figure that was identified with Prometheus.[6][7]

Genealogy

Descendants of Gaia and Pontus[8]
GaiaPontus
NereusDoris[9]ThaumasPhorcysCetoEurybia
The Nereids[10]IrisHarpiesARKE
PemphredoEnyoEchidna?[11](Ladon)[12]
The Graiai
SthennoEuryaleMedusaPoseidon[13]
The Gorgons
PegasusChrysaorCallirhoe[14]
Geryon

See also

  • Atlas – Deity in Greek mythology
  • Caduceus – Staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology
  • Hermes – Ancient Greek deity and herald of the gods
  • Podarge – Harpy in Greek mythology

Notes

  1. ^ a b The mother of Iris is the Oceanid nymph Electra, but she is not confirmed to have been Arke's as well.

References

  1. ^ Lemprière 1904, p. 290.
  2. ^ Bell 1991, s.v. Arce.
  3. ^ RE, s.v. Arke (2).
  4. ^ Smith 1873, s.v. Arce.
  5. ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History 6, as epitomized in Photius's Bibliotheca 190
  6. ^ Eumelus, fragment 5 [=Hesychius Lexicon i387]
  7. ^ Kerenyi 1951, p. 212.
  8. ^ Theogony 233–297, 333–335 (Ladon) (Most, pp. 22, 23, 28, 29); Caldwell, p. 7, tables 6–9; Hard, p. 696.
  9. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 350.
  10. ^ The fifty sea nymphs, including: Amphitrite ( 243), Thetis ( 244), Galatea ( 250), and Psamathe ( 260).
  11. ^ Who Echidna's mother is supposed to be, is unclear, she is probably Ceto, but possibly Callirhoe. The "she" at 295 is ambiguous. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe, according to Clay, p. 159 n. 32, "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Gantz, p. 22; Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 295–303.
  12. ^ Unnamed by Hesiod, but described at 334–335 as a terrible serpent who guards the golden apples.
  13. ^ Son of Cronus and Rhea at 456, where he is called "Earth-Shaker".
  14. ^ One of the Oceanid daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, at 351.

Bibliography

  • Bell, Robert E. (1991). Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary. ABC-Clio. ISBN 9780874365818.
  • Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
  • Hard, Robin (2004). The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology". Routledge. ISBN 9780415186360.
  • Hiller von Gaertringen, Friedrich, "Arke (2)", in Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Band II, Halbband 1, edited by Georg Wissowa, Stuttgart, J. B. Metzler, 1895. Wikisource.
  • Kerenyi, Karl (1951). The Gods of the Greeks. New York, London: Thames and Hudson, New York.
  • Lemprière, John (1904). A Classical Dictionary: Greek and Roman Literature. London, UK: George Routledge and Sons.
  • Photius, Bibliotheca excerpts, sections 1-166 translated by John Henry Freese, from the SPCK edition of 1920, now in the public domain, and other brief excerpts from subsequent sections translated by Roger Pearse (from the French translation by René Henry, ed. Les Belles Lettres).
  • Smith, William (1873). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London, UK: John Murray, printed by Spottiswoode and Co. Online version at the Perseus.tufts library.
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