Canada–European Union relations

Canada–European Union relations
Map indicating locations of European Union and Canada

European Union
Canada
Diplomatic mission
European Union Delegation, OttawaMission of Canada, Brussels

Modern contemporary relations between Canada, and the European Union (EU) and its forerunners date back to the 1950s. While the relationship is primarily an economic one, there are also matters of political cooperation. Many Canadians are native speakers of English and French; both being European languages.[1] In addition, several of local provincial and federal government offices of Canada practice official bilingualism in these working languages.

Canada's relations with the European Union has been referred to by the 27 member-bloc as one of the European Union's "global strategic partners" and a "trusted partner for Europe."[2][3]

Two overseas territories of EU members (Greenland and Saint Pierre and Miquelon) lie adjacent to Canadian territorial waters, as well as a land border with the Kingdom of Denmark (via Greenland) on Hans Island.

History

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney with President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen in Rome, 17 May 2025

Canada's relationship with Europe is a result of the historical connections generated by colonialism and mass European immigration to Canada. In the Middle Ages, Canada was first colonized by Vikings on the shores of Baffin Island, along with those of Newfoundland and Labrador. However, centuries later in the Modern Age, it would be mainly colonized by France and, after 1763, it formally joined the British Empire after its conquest in the Seven Years' War. In addition, it also had colonial influence from Spain in British Columbia, plus southern Alberta and Saskatchewan.

In the mid 20th-century Europe centered around the formation of the European Economic Community (EEC). The United Kingdom has extremely close relations with Canada, due to its British colonial past, and both being realms of the Commonwealth as well as France which maintains the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. In 1993 the EEC was reformed into the European Union. However, the United Kingdom ceased to be a European Union member state on 31 January 2020. France still retains affiliation in the EU. Historically, Canada's relations with the UK and the United States were usually given priority over relations with continental Europe. Nevertheless, Canada had existing ties with European countries through the Western alliance during the Second World War, the United Nations, and NATO before the creation of the European Economic Community.

The EU and Canada enjoy a very close and friendly strategic partnership. The Delegation of the EU to Canada, in close cooperation with the missions of EU countries, promotes European culture year-round through a number of well-established public diplomacy activities. These events have been effective in increasing the knowledge and understanding of the EU and its relations with Canada.[4]

Government of Canada's websites on partnerships with Europe and the European Union say the cultural and political values of Canadians and Europeans have much in common[5] and that both sides benefit politically and economically from their relationship.[6]

In addition, the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), applied since 2017, is possibly the farthest-reaching FTA between the EU and a third country.[7] The EU is Canada's second-largest trading partner.

Comparisons

European Union Canada
Population 449,206,579[8] 41,528,680[9]
Area 4,324,782 km2 (1,669,808 sq mi)[10] 9,984,670 km2 (3,855,103 sq mi)
Population Density 103/km2 (269/sq mi) 4.1/km2 (10.7/sq mi)
Capital Brussels (de facto) Ottawa
Global cities[11] Paris, Amsterdam, Milan, Frankfurt, Madrid, Brussels Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary
Government Supranational parliamentary democracy based on the European treaties[12] Federal parliamentary democratic
constitutional monarchy
First Leader High Authority President Jean Monnet Prime Minister John Alexander Macdonald
Current Leader Council President António Costa
Commission President Ursula von der Leyen
Parliament President Roberta Metsola 		King Charles III
Prime Minister Mark Carney
Official languages 24 official languages English and French (see Official Languages Act 1969)
Main religions 72% Christianity (48% Roman Catholicism, 12% Protestantism,
8% Eastern Orthodoxy, 4% Other Christianity),
23% non-Religious, 3% Other, 2% Islam 		67.3% Christianity, 23.9% Unaffiliated, 3.2% Islam, 1.5% Hinduism, 1.4% Sikhism, 1.1% Buddhism, 1.0% Judaism
Ethnic groups Germans (ca. 80 million), French (ca. 67 million),
Italians (ca. 60 million), Spanish (ca. 47 million), Poles (ca. 46 million),
Romanians (ca. 18 million), Dutch (ca. 13 million), Greeks (ca. 11 million),
Portuguese (ca. 11 million), and others 		74.3% European
14.5% Asian
5.1% Indigenous
3.4% Caribbean and Latin American
2.9% African
0.2% Oceanian
GDP (nominal) $16.477 trillion, $31,801 per capita $1.793 trillion, $50,577 per capita

Agreements

The history of Canada's relations with the EU is best documented in a series of economic agreements:

In 1976, the European Economic Community (EEC) and Canada signed a Framework Agreement on Economic Co-operation, the first formal agreement of its kind between the EEC and an industrialized third country. Also in 1976 the Delegation of the European Commission to Canada opened in Ottawa.

In 1990, European and Canadian leaders adopted a Declaration on Transatlantic Relations, extending the scope of their contacts and establishing regular meetings at Summit and Ministerial level.

In 1996, a new Political Declaration on EU-Canada Relations was made at the Ottawa Summit, adopting a joint Action Plan identifying additional specific areas for co-operation.

On 30 October 2016, the "Strategic Partnership Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Canada, of the other part" was signed in Brussels.[13][14] This agreement seeks to deepen political dialogue and cooperation between the EU and Canada and to strengthen relations in fields such as human rights, international peace and security, economic and sustainable development, justice, freedom and security. The agreement provisionally entered into force on 1 April 2017.[15][16]

Canada–EU Free Trade Agreement

Main article: Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement

Since as early as June 2007, the Government of Canada led by Prime Minister Stephen Harper had been pressuring the EU and its member countries to negotiate a Canada-EU free trade agreement.[17][18] Former French prime minister Edouard Balladur supported the idea, while former Canadian trade negotiator Michael Hart called the idea "silly."[19] The Canada Europe Roundtable for Business (CERT), founded in 1999, had been a principal advocate for a free trade agreement supported by more than 100 Canadian and European chief executives. CERT was co-chaired by former Canadian trade minister Roy MacLaren and former editor of The Economist magazine Bill Emmott.[20]

In June 2009, EU Trade Commissioner Catherine Ashton and Canadian Minister of International Trade Stockwell Day released a joint statement regarding the start of negotiations for a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA).[21] Minister Day stated "This first meeting represents a solid step toward a historic economic agreement between Canada and Europe. These negotiations are a priority for our government."[21]

Previously, Canada and the EU remained at odds over an EU ban on importing seal products and Canada's visa requirement for the EU citizens of the EU member states of Romania and Bulgaria.[22][23][24] The visa requirement for the EU citizens of Romania and Bulgaria were lifted in November 2017.[25]

CETA has been provisionally applied since September 2017. See the article Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement for details of compromises made.

Energy cooperation

In 2023, Canada and the European Union held a summit in Newfoundland and established a framework for joint renewable energy development known as the Canada–European Union Green Alliance with stated goals to develop shared means for science and technology standards and cooperation as well as climate and environmental protection concerning their net-zero ambitions.[3][26]

Defense cooperation

In June 2025, Canada and the European Union signed a Security and Defense Partnership that will increase Canada's participation in SAFE, the EU's joint arms procurement initiative.[27] The Security and Defense Partnership expands cooperation between Canada and the EU in areas such as support to Ukraine, security, and climate change.[28] In December 2025, EU member states endorsed Canada's participation in SAFE, and in February 2026, the Council of the EU adopted a decision authorizing the EU to sign on to Canada's participation in SAFE, making Canada the first non-European country to participate in the SAFE Instrument.[29][30] On March 11, 2026, MEPs adopted a report calling for deeper EU-Canada cooperation to tackle security threats and boost trade amid rising geopolitical threats.[31]

Scientific and research cooperation

Canada is a cooperating state of the European Space Agency since 1979.[32] In 2019, Canada was proposed to join the EU's Horizon Europe scientific research initiative, becoming an Associated Member in 2024.[33][34]

Potential EU membership

See also: Potential enlargement of the European Union
Canada is the closest North American country to European NATO members, due to its Arctic location

Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) states that any European country that respects the principles of the EU may apply to join. While Canada is geographically located in North America, the EU has stated that the interpretation of this criterion is "subject to political assessment" based on additional factors such as culture or political terms,[35] by the Commission and the European Council.

In 2005, Der Spiegel summarized German editorialists under the title of "It's time for Canada to join the EU", in the context of Canada rejecting the American "Son of Star Wars" missile defense system initiative,[36] and how joining the EU may decrease Canadian dependence on the United States regarding trade and security.[36] In a 2006 article, Timothy Garton Ash noted how Canada would strengthen both the Francophone and the Anglophone bloc to the EU,[37] and also easily meet the Copenhagen criteria for EU membership.[37] In 2008, rabble.ca published an article about this in the context of easing Canada's reliance on the United States.[38]

In 2017, the Mowat Centre published an article exploring the possibilities of Canada joining the EU.[39] In the 2020s, the trade war between the United States and China and as well as between the North American countries, plus the social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, have opened a debate about the possibility of Canada's membership in the EU.[40][41]

On 23 January 2025, following the second inauguration of Donald Trump, former German foreign minister Sigmar Gabriel proposed admitting Canada into the EU, emphasizing Europe's need to look for new allies in light of Trump's second term in office.[42] Shortly thereafter, a trade war between United States and Canada heightened public discussion about Canada joining the EU.[43] Former Belgian prime minister Guy Verhofstadt expressed support for Canada's membership into the EU.[44]

In March 2025, reacting to positive poll results of Canadians wanting their country to join the EU, European Commission spokesperson Paula Pinho said she is "honoured with the results of such a poll".[45][46] While not explicitly ruling out Canada's EU prospects, Pinho confirmed that Article 49 of the Treaty on the European Union states that only "European states" can apply for EU membership and stressed that there are "criteria foreseen in the treaties, indeed, which foresee what is necessary for an application, for an accession to take place."[45]

In May 2025, German MEP Joachim Streit asked the Commission and the European Parliament for the possibility of Canada joining.[47] In response, Kaja Kallas, Vice-President of the European Commission, stated that while Canada and the EU have extensive historical, cultural, political and economic links, Canada does not qualify as a 'European' state as defined by Article 49 in the Treaty on European Union, nor are there any plans to revise the Treaties or to assess the benefits and possible consequences of Canadian accession to the EU.[48]

At the 2025 The Hague NATO summit, Canadian prime minister Mark Carney stated he would not aim for Canada to join the EU, though he would support closer ties between the two.[49]

French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot and Finnish President Alexander Stubb both mulled the idea of Canada one day joining the EU[50], with Stubb calling it "a marriage made in heaven."[51] Former Alberta Deputy Premier Thomas Lukaszuk has also floated the idea of Canada joining the EU.[52]

Opinion Polling

Accession of Canada to the European Union
Date(s) Question Yes No Unsure Sample Pollster
31 Mar - 4 Apr 2026 Would you support or oppose Canada becoming a full member of the European Union? 57% 31% 12% 1,099 Nanos Research[53]
11-13 Feb 2026 Do you think Canada should seriously consider initiating a formal process to join the European Union? 48% 34% 18% 1,001 Research Co.[54]
5-10 Feb 2026 Would you support or oppose Canada becoming a member state of the European Union? 48% 28% 24% 1,915 Abacus Data[55]
25-27 May 2025 Do you think Canada should seriously consider initiating a formal process to join the European Union? 46% 38% 16% 1,002 Research Co.[56]
20-25 Feb 2025 Would you support if Canada becomes a member state of the European Union? 46% 29% 25% 1,500 Abacus Data[57]
20-25 Feb 2025 Should the Canadian government look into joining the European Union as a member? 44% 34% 23% 1,500 Abacus Data[57]

In a May 2025 online survey conducted by Research Co., a Canadian public opinion firm, 46% of Canadians support initiating a formal process for EU membership, while 38% oppose and 16% are unsure.[56] When broken down by political party affiliation, a majority of Liberals (51% support, 34% oppose) and New Democrats (51% support, 37% oppose), as well as a slim plurality of Conservatives (45% support, 43% oppose), favour EU membership.[56]

Approval by Canadian provinces (ATL, QC, ON, SK/MB, AB, BC) for EU membership from 2025 (left) to 2026 (right) (Research Co.)[56][54]   >50%   46-50%   41-45%   <40%

In a February 2026 online survey conducted by Research Co., 48% of Canadians support Canada initiating a formal process to join the EU, while 34% oppose and 18% are unsure.[54] Regarding trade, 77% of Canadians support enhancing trade with the EU, while 13% oppose.[54] When broken down by political party affiliation, a majority of Liberals (56% support, 28% oppose) and New Democrats (56% support, 29% oppose) favour EU membership, while support among Conservatives (44% support, 45% oppose) is split.[54]

In a February 2026 poll conducted by Abacus Data, 48% of Canadians support Canada becoming a member of the EU, while 28% are opposed and 24% are unsure.[55] When asked about Canada's most important partner in the next 3 to 5 years, 52% of Canadians rank the EU as their top partner, and when asked about deepening strategic cooperation with the EU, 74% of Canadians support closer cooperation with the EU on foreign policy, defence, and economic priorities.[55]

In a March 2026 survey conducted by Spark Advocacy, 25% of Canadians surveyed view Canada joining the EU as a good idea, while a further 58% indicated it was a proposal worth exploring further.[58] A Nanos Research survey conducted for The Globe and Mail from March to April 2026 shows that 57% of Canadians support Canada becoming a full member of the EU, while 32% are opposed and 12% are unsure, with majorities or pluralities across provinces supporting EU membership.[53] The poll also found that 84% of respondents believe strengthening economic ties is the best path forward for relations between Canada and the EU.[53]

Areas of conflict

In 2013, there was tension over the EU ban on the import of seal products. This was thought to be a motivating factor in Canada's efforts to block the EU's efforts to join the Arctic Council.[59]

Canada has also had bilateral territorial disputes with EU member states, like the 1990s Turbot War and the Canada–France Maritime Boundary Case, as well as the territorial claims in the Arctic.

A potential for area of discordance between Canada and the European Union could involve reaching regulatory legislative harmonization between the provinces and territories of Canada and with the EU. i.e European Union's strong personal data privacy and regulations on food safety in comparison to that of North America.[60]

Travel

See also: Visa policy of Canada and Visa policy of the Schengen Area

Canadian passport holders are not required to obtain a visa for visits to the European Union's main Schengen area regarding stays of up to 90-days within any single 180-day span of time.[61] European Union member states' passport holders may be allowed visits up to 180-days to Canada. Canadian passport holders will be required (starting in Q4 2026), to obtain an approved visa waiver through the European Travel Information and Authorization System (ETIAS); while EU passport holders need to similarly secure current Electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) to negotiate their rights of travel to Canada.[62][63]

Migration

Under the Migrant Integration Policy Index, published in 2020 the Canadian market was ranked to have an average score of 80%, with ranges between 50% and 100% in several key factors in relation to ease for migrants. Canada's lowest ranked area of 'halfway favorability' being political participation at 50 percent, and the greatest area of favorability being Anti-Discrimination at 100 percent.[64] The EU sponsored index ranked each of the EU states individually.

Summits

Canada–European Union summits
# Date Country City Ref Image
18 14 June 2021 Belgium Brussels [65]
19 23 November 2023 Canada St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador [66]
19 12 February 2025 Belgium Brussels [67]
20 22–23 June 2025 Belgium Brussels [68][69]

Canada's foreign relations with EU member states

  • Austria Austria
  • Belgium Belgium
  • Bulgaria Bulgaria
  • Croatia Croatia
  • Cyprus Cyprus
  • Czech Republic Czech Republic
  • Denmark Denmark
  • Estonia Estonia
  • Finland Finland
  • France France
  • Germany Germany
  • Greece Greece
  • Hungary Hungary
  • Republic of Ireland Ireland
  • Italy Italy
  • Latvia Latvia
  • Lithuania Lithuania
  • Luxembourg Luxembourg
  • Malta Malta
  • Netherlands Netherlands
  • Poland Poland
  • Portugal Portugal
  • Romania Romania
  • Slovakia Slovakia
  • Slovenia Slovenia
  • Spain Spain
  • Sweden Sweden

See also

References

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Further reading

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