Cardinals created by John Paul II
Pope John Paul II (r. 1978–2005) created 231 cardinals in nine consistories held at roughly three-year intervals. Three of those cardinals were first created in pectore, that is, without their names being announced, and only identified by the pope later. He named a fourth in pectore as well but never revealed that name. At his 2001 consistory, where he elevated 42 prelates and announced the names of two created in pectore earlier, he created more cardinals at one time than ever before or since. His consistories in 1985, 1994, and 2003 were among the largest ever.
In his first three consistories, John Paul adhered to the limit of 120 that Pope Paul VI set on the number of cardinal electors in 1975.[1] and he included that maximum when he reformed the papal conclave procedures in 1996.[2][3] His appointments exceeded that number for the first time in 1988 when the number of electors rose to 121, and then again in 1998 when it reached 122. In each of his last two consistories, in 2001 and 2003, he raised the number to 135,[4] a record figure only exceeded once, by Pope Francis in 2023.[5]
He was the first pope to allow someone not a bishop to become a cardinal since Pope John XXIII mandated that cardinals be bishops in 1962.[6] His appointments included one future pope, Pope Francis.
30 June 1979
John Paul created fourteen cardinals at his first consistory[7] and he announced he was withholding the name of a fifteenth.[8] That additional cardinal's name was not made public until 1991.[9] All those named were archbishops, including six Italians and two Poles. These appointments, excluding the name withheld, brought the number of cardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday to 120, the maximum set by Pope Paul VI, while the entire membership of the College of Cardinals reached 135.[8]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Agostino Casaroli (1914–1998) | Pro-Secretary of State of Secretariat of State |  Italy
|
| Giuseppe Caprio (1914–2005) | Pro-President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See | Italy
|
| Marco Cé (1925–2014) | Patriarch of Venice | Italy
|
| Egano Righi-Lambertini (1906–2000) | Apostolic Nuncio to France | Italy
|
| Joseph-Marie Trịnh Văn Căn (1921–1990) | Archbishop of Hanoi |  Vietnam
|
| Ernesto Civardi (1906–1989) | Secretary of the Congregation for Bishops | Italy
|
| Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada (1919–2008) | Archbishop of Mexico |  Mexico
|
| Joseph Asajiro Satowaki (1904–1996) | Archbishop of Nagasaki | .svg.png){kind=small} Japan
|
| Roger Etchegaray (1922–2019) | Archbishop of Marseille | .svg.png){kind=small} France
|
| Anastasio Ballestrero (1913–1998) | Archbishop of Turin | Italy
|
| Tomás Ó Fiaich (1923–1990) | Archbishop of Armagh |  Ireland
|
| Gerald Emmett Carter (1912–2003) | Archbishop of Toronto | .svg.png){kind=small} Canada
|
| Franciszek Macharski (1927–2016) | Archbishop of Kraków | .svg.png){kind=small} Poland
|
| Władysław Rubin (1917–1990) | Secretary General of the Synod of Bishops | Poland
|
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ignatius Kung Pin-mei (1901–2000) | Bishop of Shanghai |  China
|
29 May 1991[10] |
2 February 1983
John Paul created 18 cardinals on 2 February 1983, including the first resident of the Soviet Union (Vaivods of Latvia)[11] and four others from countries with Communist governments. This brought the college to 138 members, of whom 120 were young enough to serve as electors in a papal conclave. Another cardinal was created in pectore or secretly.[12] John Paul granted a dispensation from the requirement that all cardinals be bishops to Henri de Lubac, the first such dispensation since Pope John XXIII established the rule in 1962.[13]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Anthony Peter Khoraish (1907–1994) | Patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites |  Lebanon
|
| Bernard Yago (1916–1997) | Archbishop of Abidjan |  Ivory Coast
|
| Aurelio Sabattani (1912–2003) | Pro-Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura | Italy
|
| Franjo Kuharić (1919–2002) | Archbishop of Zagreb | .svg.png){kind=small} Yugoslavia
|
| Giuseppe Casoria (1908–2001) | Pro-Prefect of Sacred Congregation for Sacraments and Divine Worship | Italy
|
| José Lebrún Moratinos (1919–2001) | Archbishop of Caracas | .svg.png){kind=small} Venezuela
|
| Joseph Bernardin (1928–1996) | Archbishop of Chicago |  United States
|
| Michael Michai Kitbunchu (b. 1929) | Archbishop of Bangkok |  Thailand
|
| Alexandre do Nascimento (1925–2024) | Archbishop of Lubango |  Angola
|
| Alfonso López Trujillo (1935–2008) | Archbishop of Medellín |  Colombia
|
| Godfried Danneels (1933–2019) | Archbishop of Mechelen–Brussels | .svg.png){kind=small} Belgium
|
| Thomas Williams (1930–2023) | Archbishop of Wellington |  New Zealand
|
| Carlo Maria Martini (1927–2012) | Archbishop of Milan | Italy
|
| Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007) | Archbishop of Paris | France
|
| Józef Glemp (1929–2013) | Archbishop of Warsaw and Archbishop of Gniezno |  Poland
|
| Julijans Vaivods (1895–1990) | Apostolic Administrator of Riga and Apostolic Administrator of Liepāja |  Soviet Union
|
| Joachim Meisner (1933–2017) | Bishop of Berlin |  West Germany
|
| Henri de Lubac (1896–1991) | Theologian | France
|
25 May 1985
John Paul created 28 cardinals on 25 May 1985 in a ceremony held outdoors for the first time in St. Peter's Square. They included the first from Ethiopia and Nicaragua and an archbishop of the Ukrainian Rite. It raised the college's membership to 152, with 120 eligible to vote for a new pope.[14]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Luigi Dadaglio (1914–1990) | Major Pro-Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary | Italy
|
| Duraisamy Simon Lourdusamy (1924–2014) | Secretary of Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith |  India
|
| Francis Arinze (b. 1932) | Pro-President of Secretariat for Non-Christians |  Nigeria
|
| Juan Francisco Fresno (1914–2004) | Archbishop of Santiago |  Chile
|
| Antonio Innocenti (1915–2008) | Apostolic Nuncio to Spain | Italy
|
| Miguel Obando y Bravo (1926–2018) | Archbishop of Managua |  Nicaragua
|
| Paul Mayer (1911–2010) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Divine Worship and Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Sacraments | West Germany
|
| Ángel Suquía Goicoechea (1916–2006) | Archbishop of Madrid |  Spain
|
| Jean Jérôme Hamer (1916–1996) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Religious and Secular Institutes | Belgium
|
| Ricardo Vidal (1931–2017) | Archbishop of Cebu | .svg.png){kind=small} Philippines
|
| Henryk Gulbinowicz (1923–2020) | Archbishop of Wrocław | Poland
|
| Paulos Tzadua (1921–2003) | Archbishop of Addis Abeba | .svg.png){kind=small} Ethiopia
|
| Jozef Tomko (1924–2022) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith |  Czechoslovakia
|
| Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky (1914–2000) | Major-Archbishop of Lviv-Galicia | Soviet Union
|
| Andrzej Maria Deskur (1924–2011) | President emeritus of Pontifical Commission for Social Communications | Poland
|
| Paul Poupard (b. 1930) | Pro-President of Secretariat for Non-Believers | France
|
| Louis-Albert Vachon (1912–2006) | Archbishop of Quebec | Canada
|
| Albert Decourtray (1923–1994) | Archbishop of Lyon | France
|
| Rosalio Lara (1922–2007) | President of Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia | Venezuela
|
| Friedrich Wetter (b. 1928) | Archbishop of Munich and Freising | West Germany
|
| Silvano Piovanelli (1924–2016) | Archbishop of Firenze | Italy
|
| Adrianus Johannes Simonis (1931–2020) | Archbishop of Utrecht |  Netherlands
|
| Édouard Gagnon (1918–2007) | Pro-President of Pontifical Council for the Family | Canada
|
| Alfons Maria Stickler (1910–2007) | Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library & Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives |  Austria
|
| Bernard Francis Law (1931–2017) | Archbishop of Boston | United States
|
| John Joseph O'Connor (1920–2000) | Archbishop of New York | United States
|
| Giacomo Biffi (1928–2015) | Archbishop of Bologna | Italy
|
| Pietro Pavan (1903–1994) | Rector Magnificus Emeritus of the Pontifical Lateran University | Italy
|
28 June 1988
On 29 May 1988 John Paul announced he would create 25 new cardinals in 28 June, though the death of Hans Urs von Balthasar of Switzerland reduced that number to 24.[15] This consistory took the number of cardinal electors from 97 to 121, which fell within a month to the maximum of 120, a majority of them appointed by John Paul.[a] It brought the total number of cardinals to a new high of 160, of whom John Paul named 84.[16]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Eduardo Martínez Somalo (1927–2021) | Substitute for General Affairs emeritus of Secretariat of State | Spain
|
| Achille Silvestrini (1923–2019) | Secretary of Council for the Public Affairs of the Church | Italy
|
| Angelo Felici (1919–2007) | Apostolic Nuncio to France | Italy
|
| Paul Grégoire (1911–1993) | Archbishop of Montreal | Canada
|
| Antony Padiyara (1921–2000) | Archbishop of Ernakulam | India
|
| José Freire Falcão (1925–2021) | Archbishop of Brasilia | .svg.png){kind=small} Brazil
|
| Michele Giordano (1930–2010) | Archbishop of Napoli | Italy
|
| Alexandre José Maria dos Santos (1924–2021) | Archbishop of Maputo |  Mozambique
|
| Giovanni Canestri (1918–2015) | Archbishop of Genova–Bobbio | Italy
|
| Antonio María Javierre Ortas (1921–2007) | Secretary emeritus of Congregation for Catholic Education | Spain
|
| Simon Pimenta (1920–2013) | Archbishop of Genova–Bombay | India
|
| Mario Revollo Bravo (1919–1995) | Archbishop of Bogota | Colombia
|
| Edward Bede Clancy (1923–2014) | Archbishop of Sydney | .svg.png){kind=small} Australia
|
| Lucas Moreira Neves (1925–2002) | Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia | Brazil
|
| James Aloysius Hickey (1920–2004) | Archbishop of Washington | United States
|
| Edmund Szoka (1927–2014) | Archbishop of Detroit | United States
|
| László Paskai (1927–2015) | Archbishop of Esztergom |  Hungary
|
| Christian Tumi (1930–2021) | Archbishop of Garoua |  Cameroon
|
| Hans Hermann Groër (1919–2003) | Archbishop of Vienna | Austria
|
| Jacques-Paul Martin (1908–1992) | Prefect emeritus of Prefecture of the Papal Household | France
|
| Franz Hengsbach (1910–1991) | Bishop of Essen | West Germany
|
| Vincentas Sladkevičius (1920–2000) | Apostolic Administrator of Kaišiadorys | Soviet Union
|
| Jean Margéot (1916–2009) | Bishop of Port-Louis |  Mauritius
|
| John Wu (1925–2002) | Bishop of Hong Kong | .svg.png){kind=small} Hong Kong
|
28 June 1991
On 29 May 1991, John Paul announced he would create 22 cardinals at a consistory on 28 June and revealed the name of one he had created in pectore in 1979, Ignatius Kung Pin-mei. This increased the number of cardinal electors to 120 from 100. It also raised to 13 the number cardinals from the Soviet Union and nations of the recently dissolved Warsaw Pact.[9][17] The total number of cardinals reached 162 after the consistory.[b]
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26 November 1994
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On 30 October 1994, John Paul announced the names of 30 new cardinals from 24 countries, scheduling the consistory for 26 November. He said others were deserving but he "thought it appropriate to adhere to the limit set by my Predecessor Paul VI".[18] The total number of cardinals reached 167 after the consistory.[c]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir (1920–2019) | Patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites | Lebanon
|
| Miloslav Vlk (1932–2017) | Archbishop of Prague | Czech Republic
|
| Luigi Poggi (1917–2010) | Librarian of the Vatican Apostolic Library & Archivist of the Vatican Secret Archives | Italy
|
| Peter Shirayanagi (1928–2009) | Archbishop of Tokyo | Japan
|
| Vincenzo Fagiolo (1918–2000) | President of Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts and President of Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia | Italy
|
| Carlo Furno (1921–2015) | Apostolic Nuncio to Italy | Italy
|
| Carlos Oviedo Cavada (1927–1998) | Archbishop of Santiago | Chile
|
| Thomas Winning (1925–2001) | Archbishop of Glasgow | .svg.png){kind=small} United Kingdom
|
| Adolfo Suárez Rivera (1927–2008) | Archbishop of Monterrey | Mexico
|
| Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino (1936–2019) | Archbishop of La Habana |  Cuba
|
| Julius Darmaatmadja (b. 1934) | Archbishop of Semarang |  Indonesia
|
| Jan Pieter Schotte (1928–2005) | Secretary General of General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops | Belgium
|
| Pierre Eyt (1934–2001) | Archbishop of Bordeaux | France
|
| Gilberto Agustoni (1922–2017) | Pro-Prefect of Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura | .svg.png){kind=small} Switzerland
|
| Emmanuel Wamala (b. 1926) | Archbishop of Kampala |  Uganda
|
| William Henry Keeler (1931–2017) | Archbishop of Baltimore | United States
|
| Augusto Vargas Alzamora (1922–2000) | Archbishop of Lima |  Peru
|
| Jean-Claude Turcotte (1936–2015) | Archbishop of Montreal | Canada
|
| Ricardo María Carles Gordó (1926–2013) | Archbishop of Barcelona | Spain
|
| Adam Maida (b. 1930) | Archbishop of Detroit | United States
|
| Vinko Puljić (b. 1945) | Archbishop of Vrhbosna | .svg.png){kind=small} Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
| Armand Razafindratandra (1925–2010) | Archbishop of Antananarivo |  Madagascar
|
| Phạm Đình Tụng (1919–2009) | Archbishop of Hanoi | Vietnam
|
| Juan Sandoval Íñiguez (b. 1933) | Archbishop of Guadalajara | Mexico
|
| Bernardino Echeverría Ruiz (1912–2000) | Archbishop Emeritus of Guayaquil | .svg.png){kind=small} Ecuador
|
| Kazimierz Świątek (1914–2011) | Archbishop of Minsk–Mohilev | .svg.png){kind=small} Belarus
|
| Ersilio Tonini (1914–2013) | Archbishop Emeritus of Ravenna-Cervia | Italy
|
| Mikel Koliqi (1902–1997) | Priest from the Archdiocese of Shkodër–Pult |  Albania
|
| Yves Congar (1905–1995) | Theologian | France
|
| Aloys Grillmeier (1910–1998) | Theologian | Germany
|
21 February 1998
John Paul announced on 18 January 1998 that he would create 22 new cardinals, but withheld the names of two of them. He had also planned to include Josip Uhač, a Vatican diplomat and curial official who died that morning. The consistory was scheduled for 21 February.[19] Excluding the two not named, this brought the membership of the College of Cardinals to 165, of whom 122 were eligible to vote in a conclave.[20][d]
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jorge Medina Estévez (1926–2021) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments | Chile
|
| Alberto Bovone (1922–1998) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for the Causes of Saints | Italy
|
| Darío Castrillón Hoyos (1929–2018) | Pro-Prefect of Congregation for Clergy | Colombia
|
| Lorenzo Antonetti (1922–2013) | Pro-President of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See | Italy
|
| James Stafford (b. 1932) | President of Pontifical Council for the Laity | United States
|
| Salvatore De Giorgi (b. 1930) | Archbishop of Palermo | Italy
|
| Serafim Fernandes de Araújo (1924–2019) | Archbishop of Belo Horizonte |  Brazil
|
| Antonio María Rouco Varela (b. 1936) | Archbishop of Madrid | Spain
|
| Aloysius Ambrozic (1930–2011) | Archbishop of Toronto | Canada
|
| Jean Marie Balland (1934–1998) | Archbishop of Lyon |  France
|
| Dionigi Tettamanzi (1934–2017) | Archbishop of Genoa | Italy
|
| Polycarp Pengo (1944–2026) | Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam |  Tanzania
|
| Christoph Schönborn (b. 1945) | Archbishop of Vienna | Austria
|
| Norberto Rivera Carrera (b. 1942) | Archbishop of Mexico | Mexico
|
| Francis George (1937–2015) | Archbishop of Chicago | United States
|
| Paul Shan Kuo-Hsi (1924–2012) | Bishop of Kaohsiung |  Taiwan
|
| Adam Kozłowiecki (1911–2007) | Archbishop Emeritus of Lusaka | Poland
|
| Giovanni Cheli (1918–2013) | President of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People | Italy
|
| Francesco Colasuonno (1925–2003) | Apostolic Nuncio to Italy and Apostolic Nuncio to San Marino | Italy
|
| Dino Monduzzi (1922–2006) | Prefect of Prefecture of the Papal Household | Italy
|
Cardinal in pectore
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country | Revealed as Cardinal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marian Jaworski (1926–2020) | Archbishop of Lviv |  Ukraine
|
29 January 2001[21] |
| Jānis Pujats (b. 1930) | Archbishop of Riga |  Latvia
|
21 February 2001
On 21 January 2001, Pope John Paul II announced plans to raise 37 prelates to the rank on cardinal at a consistory in February. He also said that at the consistory he would announce the names of two cardinals he named in pectore in 1998.[22] He followed that by announcing the names of five more on 28 January and revealed the two made cardinals secretly in 1998, Marian Jaworski and Janis Pujats.[23] The 44 cardinals created at this consistory was the largest ever created at a consistory.[24] It increased the number of cardinals eligible to vote in a papal election to 135, despite the maximum of 120 set by Pope Paul VI in 1975 and reiterated by John Paul II in 1996; he said in each of his announcements that he was setting aside this limit.[23][22][24] The total number of cardinals reached 183 after the consistory.[e]
Among the Cardinals named in this consistory is Jorge Mario Bergoglio, the future Pope Francis.
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21 October 2003
Pope John Paul II announced on 28 September 2003 that he would create 31 new cardinals in an October consistory, but withheld the name of one of them, apparently a resident of a country where Catholicism was the object of government persecution.[h] Twenty-six of those publicly named were young enough to vote in a papal conclave, and seven of those were members of the Roman Curia.[26][27][28] This consistory increased the number of cardinal electors from 109 to 135.[29][30] The total number of cardinals reached 194 after the consistory.[i] Because the withheld name was never published, that cardinal's appointment expired when the Pope died.
| Name | Title when named cardinal | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jean-Louis Tauran (1943–2018) | Secretary for Relations with States of Secretariat of State | France
|
| Renato Martino (1932–2024) | President of Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace | .svg.png){kind=small} Italy
|
| Francesco Marchisano (1929–2014) | Vicar General for the Vatican City State of Rome, President of Fabric of Saint Peter and Archpriest of Papal Basilica of Saint Peter | Italy
|
| Julián Herranz Casado (b. 1930) | President of Pontifical Council for Legislative Text | Spain
|
| Javier Lozano Barragán (1933–2022) | President of Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers | Mexico
|
| Stephen Fumio Hamao (1930–2007) | President of Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People |  Japan
|
| Attilio Nicora (1937–2017) | President of Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See | Italy
|
| Angelo Scola (b. 1941) | Patriarch of Venice | Italy
|
| Anthony Olubunmi Okogie (b. 1936) | Archbishop of Lagos | Nigeria
|
| Bernard Panafieu (1931–2017) | Archbishop of Marseille | France
|
| Gabriel Zubeir Wako (b. 1941) | Archbishop of Khartoum |  Sudan
|
| Carlos Amigo Vallejo (1934–2022) | Archbishop of Sevilla | Spain
|
| Justin Francis Rigali (b. 1935) | Archbishop of Philadelphia | United States
|
| Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien (1938–2018) | Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh | United Kingdom
|
| Eusébio Scheid (1932–2021) | Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro | Brazil
|
| Ennio Antonelli (b. 1936) | Archbishop of Firenze | Italy
|
| Tarcisio Bertone (b. 1934) | Archbishop of Genoa | Italy
|
| Peter Turkson (b. 1948) | Archbishop of Cape Coast |  Ghana
|
| Telesphore Toppo (1939–2023) | Archbishop of Ranchi | India
|
| George Pell (1941–2023) | Archbishop of Sydney | Australia
|
| Josip Bozanić (b. 1949) | Archbishop of Zagreb |  Croatia
|
| Phạm Minh Mẫn (1934–2026) | Archbishop of Ho Chi Minh City | Vietnam
|
| Rodolfo Quezada Toruño (1932–2012) | Archbishop of Guatemala |  Guatemala
|
| Philippe Barbarin (b. 1950) | Archbishop of Lyon | France
|
| Péter Erdő (b. 1952) | Archbishop of Esztergom–Budapest | Hungary
|
| Marc Ouellet (b. 1944) | Archbishop of Quebec | Canada
|
| Georges Cottier (1922–2016) | Theologian of Prefecture of the Papal Household | Switzerland
|
| Gustaaf Joos (1923–2004) | Priest from the Diocese of Gent | Belgium
|
| Tomáš Špidlík (1919–2010) | Theologian | Czech Republic
|
| Stanisław Nagy (1921–2013) | Theologian | Poland
|
Demographic adjustment
In 2004, the birth year of Cardinal Henryk Gulbinowicz, long reported as 1928, was corrected to 1923. The adjustment meant he was past his 80th birthday and no longer counted as a cardinal elector. In 1942, as a young man, Gulbinowicz had falsified his birth records to escape being sent to a Nazi labor camp. The correct birth date was reported in the Italian press as early as March 2004[31] and printed in the Pontifical Yearbook presented to John Paul on 31 January 2005.[32][33]
See also
- Cardinals created by Paul VI (previous to John Paul I)
- Cardinals created by Benedict XVI (successor)
- List of current cardinals
Notes
- ^ Cardinal Corrado Ursi turned 80 on 28 July.
- ^ 160 cardinals at 1988 consistory minus 21 cardinals who died before the 1991 consistory (Volk, Guyot, Dearden, de Fürstenberg, Cooray, Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano, Siri, Malula, Manning, Flahiff, Civardi, Ó Fiaich, Trịnh Văn Căn, Vaivods, Maurer, Dadaglio, Rubin, Beras Rojas, Freeman, Nsubuga, Hengsbach) plus 22 newly-appointed cardinals plus 1 revealed cardinal in pectore Kung Pin-mei.
- ^ 162 cardinals at 1991 consistory minus 25 cardinals who died before the 1994 consistory (Salazar López, de Lubac, Léger, Guerri, Colombo, Paupini, Tomášek, Martin, Picachy, Baggio, Posadas Ocampo, Antonelli, Gray, del Mestri, Carpino, Razafimahatratra, Grégoire, Garrone, Darmojuwono, Cordeiro, Marty, McCann, Muñoz Vega, Khoraish, Decourtray) plus 30 newly-appointed cardinals.
- ^ When the consistory was announced, it would have brought the number of cardinal electors to 123, but Eduardo Francisco Pironio died on 5 February 1998 at the age of 77.
- ^ 165 cardinals at 1998 consistory minus 26 cardinals who died before the 2001 consistory (Quarracino, Balland, Ribeiro, Bovone, Casaroli, Carberry, Ballestrero, Grillmeier, Oviedo Cavada, Silva Henríquez, Hume, Dezza, Kung Pin-mei, Padiyara, Echeverría Ruiz, O'Connor, Sladkevičius, Zoungrana, Vargas Alzamora, Fagiolo, Gouyon, Righi-Lambertini, Palazzini, Lubachivsky, Casoria, Lebrún Moratinos) plus 42 newly-appointed cardinals plus two revealed cardinals in pectore (Jaworski and Pujats).
- ^ Resigned from the College of Cardinals in 2018. Laicized in 2019.
- ^ elected as Pope Francis (2013–2025)
- ^ John Paul never revealed this name.[25]
- ^ 183 cardinals at 2001 consistory minus 19 cardinals who died before the 2003 consistory (Eyt, Winning, Oddi, Sensi, Bertoli, Kuharić, Billé, Todea, Degenhardt, Moreira Neves, Nguyễn Văn Thuận, Wu Cheng-chung, Groër, Carter, Sabattani, Colasuonno, Velasco García, Ursi, Otunga) plus 30 newly-appointed cardinals.
References
- ^ Pope Paul VI (1 October 1975). "Romano Pontifici Eligendo". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
- ^ Pope John Paul II (22 February 1996). "Universi Dominici Gregis". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 12 July 2018. See also: Universi Dominici Gregis.
- ^ Allen Jr., John L. (23 July 2002). Conclave: The Politics, Personalities, and Process of the Next Papal Election. Crown Publishing. ISBN 9780385504560. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- ^ Wooden, Cindy (22 May 2018). "Cardinal stats: Pope makes college more international, not much younger". Crux. Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ O'Connell, Gerard (30 September 2023). "Pope Francis creates 21 new cardinals from 16 nations on the eve of the Synod on Synodality". America. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ John XXIII (15 April 1962). "Cum gravissima". Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
- ^ Tanner, Henry (1 July 1979). "Pope Installs 14 Cardinals but Keeps a 15th Secret". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ a b "Pope Names 14 New Cardinals, Including 6 Italians and 2 Poles". New York Times. 27 May 1979. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ a b Haberman, Clyde (30 May 1991). "Pope Names 22 Cardinals; Chinese Prelate Is Identified". New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^ Haberman, Clyde (30 May 1991). "Pope Names 22 Cardinals; Chinese Prelate Is Identified". New York Times. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^ Burns, John F. (9 January 1983). "Latvian Cardinal Surprise to Soviet". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ Kamm, Henry (3 February 1983). "Pope John Paul Installs 18 as Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ Goulding, Gill K. (2015). A Church of Passion and Hope: The Formation of An Ecclesial Disposition from Ignatius Loyola to Pope Francis and the New Evangelization. Bloomsbury T&T Clark. ISBN 9780567664686. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ Dionne Jr., E.J. (26 May 1985). "28 Consecrated 'Princes of the Church'". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ "24 New Cardinals Installed by Pope". New York Times. 29 June 1988. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ Suro, Roberto (30 May 1988). "Pope Chooses 25 New Cardinals, Including Two American Prelates". New York Times. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ "Cardinals Named by Pope". New York Times. 30 May 1991. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^ "Angelus, 30 October 1994". Libreria Editrice Vatican. 30 October 1994. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
ho ritenuto opportuno attenermi al limite fissato dal mio Predecessore Paolo VI
- ^ "Angelus, 18 January 1998". Libreria Editrice Vatican. 18 January 1998. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^ "Messa solenne del Papa con i nuovi cardinali". La Repubblica (in Italian). 23 February 1998. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^ Stanley, Alexandra (29 January 2001). "Pope Adds 7 Cardinals to a Record 37 Chosen Last Week". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
- ^ a b Stanley, Alexandra (22 January 2001). "37 New Cardinals Selected by Pope; Egan is Elevated". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
- ^ a b Stanley, Alexandra (29 January 2001). "Pope Adds 7 Cardinals to a Record 37 Chosen Last Week". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
- ^ a b Stanley, Alexandra (22 February 2001). "Shaping a Legacy, Pope Installs 44 Cardinals". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
- ^ Boudreaux, Richard (7 April 2005). "Mystery Cardinal Will Never Be Able to Join Peers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ^ Bruni, Frank (29 September 2003). "Pope Names 31 Cardinals, Future Voters on Succession". New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
- ^ "List of the 31 New Cardinals". New York Times. Reuters. 28 September 2003. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- ^ "The New Cardinals and Their Duties". Zenit. 21 October 2003. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- ^ Bruni, Frank (22 October 2003). "Pope Confirms Cardinals, As Talk Turns to Succession". New York Times. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
- ^ Magister, Sandro (10 October 2003). "Il papa è malato. Ma anche il Vaticano non sta tanto bene". L'Espresso (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2018.
- ^ "Le dimissioni di Gulbinowicz". 30 Giorni (in Italian). 1 March 2004. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ "Vatican Corrects Cardinal's Date of Birth". Zenit. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ Bedoya, Juan G. (12 February 2005). "Arrepentimiento tardío". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- See also
- Lentz III, Harris M. (2002). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4101-3.
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Born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005
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