Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)

The Cenomani (Greek: Κενομάνοι, Strabo, Ptol.; Γονομάνοι, Polyb.), was an ancient tribe of the Cisalpine Gauls, who occupied the tract north of the Padus (modern Po River), between the Insubres on the west and the Veneti on the east. Their territory appears to have extended from the river Addua (or perhaps the Ollius, the modern Oglio) to the Athesis (modern Adige).

Whether these Cenomani are the same people as the Cenomani in Gallia Celtica encountered by Julius Caesar is a subject of debate (see Cenomani).

Both Polybius and Livy expressly mention them among the tribes of Gauls which had crossed the Alps within historical memory, and had expelled the Etruscans from the territory in which they established themselves and subsequently continued to occupy.^[1][2]

Another group made up of Cenomani and led by Etitovius followed their track and, with the approval of Bellovesus, crossed the Alps by the same pass before settling around the present-day cities of Brescia and Verona. They were followed by the coming of Libui, Salyes, Boii, and Lingones in the Po Valley, driving both the Etruscans and Umbrians away from their lands.^[3]

The route taken by them may be indicated by Cato's statement (in Pliny Nat. Hist. III.130), that some of them settled near Massilia in the territory of the Volcae. Cato indicates that the Cenomani once lived alongside the Volcae, in the vicinity of Massalia.^[4]

It is remarkable that they are almost uniformly described in historical documents as being friendly to the Romans, and as refusing to take part with their kindred tribes against Rome. During the great Gaulish war in 225 BC, when the Boii and Insubres took up arms against Rome, the Cenomani and their neighbours, the Veneti, concluded an alliance with the Roman Republic, and the two nations together furnished a force of 20,000 men, with which they threatened the frontier of the Insubres. (Pol. ii. 23, 24, 32; Strab. v. p. 216.)

Even when Hannibal invaded Cisalpine Gaul, they continued to be faithful to the Romans, and even furnished them with a body of auxiliaries, who fought with them at the Battle of the Trebia. (Liv. xxi. 55.) After the Second Punic War, however, they took part in the revolt of the Gauls under Hamilcar (200 BC), and a few years later joined their arms with those of the Insubres, but even then the defection seems to have been only partial: after their defeat by the consul Gaius Cornelius Cethegus (197 BC), they quickly submitted to them and continued to be faithful allies of the Romans. (Liv. xxxi. 10, xxxii. 30, xxxix. 3.)

After this time they disappear from the historical record, having gradually merged into the mass of Roman subjects; in 49 BC, along with the rest of the Transpadane Gauls, they acquired the full rights of Roman citizens. (Dion Cass. xli. 36.)

The limits of the territory occupied by them are not clearly defined. Strabo omits all mention of them in the geographical description of Gallia Cisalpina, and assigns their cities to the Insubres. Livy describes Brixia (modern Brescia) and Verona as the chief cities in their territory.^[1]

Pliny assigns Cremona and Brixia to them, but Ptolemy attributes a much wider extent to them, writing that their territory comprised not only Bergamum (modern Bergamo) and Mantua, but also Tridentum, which was certainly a Rhaetian city.^[3] (Strab. v. p. 213; Plin. iii. 19. s. 23; Ptol. iii. 1. § 31.)

Polybius, in one passage (ii. 32), appears to describe the river Clusius (modern Chiese) as separating them from the Insubres, but this is probably a mistake. The boundaries attributed to them above (the Addua on the west, the Athesis on the east, and the Padus on the south) may be regarded as approximately correct.

The Alpine tribes of the Camunni and the Triumpilini, which bordered them to their north, are described by Pliny as consisting of members of the Euganean race, and therefore not connected nationally with the Cenomani—-though in his time they were at a minimum united with them for administrative purposes.^[5]

Laffranchi et al. 2024 examined 12 samples of Cenomani Cisalpine Gauls from Verona who lived between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE.^[6] The five examples of individual Y-DNA extracted were determined to belong to either haplogroup I2a1b1a1b1 or subclades of R1b1a1b (R-M269). The 12 samples of mtDNA extracted belonged to various subclades of haplogroup H, T, U, K, J and X.^[6] Ancient samples from the central European Bell Beaker, Hallstatt and Tumulus cultures belonged to these haplogroups as well.^[7][8][9]

• Annea Clivana

• Livy (2019). History of Rome. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Yardley, J. C. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674992566.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854). "Cenomani". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. p. 584–585.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cenomani". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 661.