Demographics of Liberia

Demographics of Liberia
Population pyramid of Liberia in 2020
Population	5,358,483 (2022 est.)
Growth rate	2.73% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	36.64 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate	6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Fertility rate	3.9 children born/woman (2022)
Net migration rate	-2.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	43.35%
65 and over	2.83%
Nationality
Nationality	Liberian
Language
Official	English

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects^[1][2], Liberia's total population was 5,193,416 in 2021. This is compared to 911,000 in 1950.^[3]

43.5% of Liberians were below the age of 15 in 2010.^[3] 53.7% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.8% were 65 years or older.^[3]

Estimates of Liberia's population prior to the 20th century are unreliable due to the lack of historical censuses.^[4] Estimates by scholars of pre-World War II demographics in Liberia differ wildly.^[4]

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 21.III.2008):^[5]

Registration of vital events is in Liberia not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.^[7]

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):^[8][9]

Fertility data as of 2013 (DHS Program):^[10]

Liberia is ethnically diverse, with more than 17 recognized ethnic groups forming the overwhelming majority of the population.^[12] Recent analyses by international organizations such as the World Bank and UNDP highlight persistent regional and socioeconomic disparities that often align with historical settlement patterns and ethnic distribution.^[13][14] The largest groups include the Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Mano, Grebo, Kru, Lorma, Gola, Kissi, Vai, Mandingo, Gbandi, Krahn, Sapo, Belleh (Kuwaa), Mende, and Dey. These groups are primarily of indigenous African origin and collectively account for the vast majority of Liberia’s population.^[11]

More recent estimates from the Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services (LISGIS) based on the 2022 national census confirm the continued dominance of indigenous ethnic groups, although updated disaggregated percentages by ethnicity are limited in publicly available summaries.^[15]

In addition to indigenous groups, Liberia includes several minority and diaspora populations. The Americo-Liberians are descendants of free-born and formerly enslaved African Americans who settled in Liberia beginning in 1822 under the auspices of the American Colonization Society.^[16] Related communities include Congo people, descendants of recaptive Africans liberated from transatlantic slave ships and resettled in Liberia during the 19th century.^[17]

Other groups include the Fula, who are historically associated with pastoralism and trade across West Africa, and Fanti fishermen, many of whom originate from Ghana and reside seasonally or permanently along Liberia’s coast.

Non-African populations include individuals of Lebanese, Indian, and European descent, many of whom are engaged in commerce and industry. These communities are concentrated primarily in urban centers, especially Monrovia.^[18]

The 1986 Constitution of Liberia restricts citizenship to persons who are "Negroes or of Negro descent", as stated in Article 27(b).^[19]

The indigenous ethnic groups of Liberia can be broadly classified into several major language families within the Niger–Congo language family:

• Mande-speaking groups, including the Kpelle, Gio, Mano, Lorma, Vai, Mende, and Mandingo
• Kru-speaking groups, including the Bassa, Grebo, and Kru
• Mel-speaking groups, including the Kissi
• Other groups such as the Gola language, often classified separately within the Niger–Congo phylum

Historical and linguistic evidence suggests that many of Liberia’s ethnic groups migrated into the region over several centuries from the broader Upper Guinea and western Sudan regions of West Africa.^[20] These movements were influenced by trade networks, environmental changes, and regional conflicts. However, detailed migration histories vary among groups and remain the subject of ongoing scholarly research.

During the 19th century, Liberia became a settlement location for freed African Americans and recaptive Africans, who formed the Americo-Liberian and Congo communities. These groups played a central role in the establishment of the Liberian state and dominated political and economic institutions during the 19th and early 20th centuries.^[21]

Lebanese migration began in the late 19th century, with many settlers establishing businesses in trade, retail, and construction. Their descendants remain active in Liberia’s commercial sector.^[22]

According to the 2008 National Census, 85.5% of Liberia's population practices Christianity.^[24] Muslims comprise 12.2% of the population, largely coming from the Mandingo and Vai ethnic groups.^[24] The vast majority of Muslims are Malikite Sunni, with sizeable Shia and Ahmadiyya minorities.^[25] Traditional indigenous religions are practiced by 0.5% of the population, while 1.8% subscribe to no religion.^[24]

English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence.

• Liberia
• List of countries by population growth rate

• Ciment, J. (2013) Another America: The Story of Liberia and the Former Slaves Who Ruled It. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-9542-1
• Clegg, C. (2004). The Price of Liberty: African Americans and the Making of Liberia. Chapel Hill: UNC Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-2845-8
• Sundiata, I. (2003) Brothers and Strangers: Black Zion, Black Slavery, 1914-1940. Durham: Duke University Press ISBN 0-8223-3233-7

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographics of Liberia.

• Liberia: Nation & People without identity
• The Indigenous & Americo Liberians' Palva
• Liberia, "America's step child" searches for own identity
• Words Matter: Terms of Global Conflicts debated, NPR
• Contemporary Africa & Legacy of late colonialism
• How the word ‘tribe’ stereotypes Africa Archived 2012-05-25 at the Wayback Machine