Droop quota

In the study of electoral systems, the Droop quota (sometimes called the Hagenbach-Bischoff, Britton, or Newland-Britton quota^[1][a]) is the minimum number of votes a party or candidate needs to receive in a district to guarantee they will win at least one seat.^[3][4]

The Droop quota is used to extend the concept of a majority to multiwinner elections, taking the place of the 50% bar in single-winner elections. Just as any candidate with more than half of all votes is guaranteed to be declared the winner in single-seat election, any candidate with more than a Droop quota's worth of votes is guaranteed to win a seat in a multiwinner election.^[4]

Besides establishing winners, the Droop quota is used to define the number of excess votes, i.e. votes not needed by a candidate who has been declared elected. In proportional quota-based systems such as STV or expanding approvals, these excess votes can be transferred to other candidates to prevent them from being wasted.^[4]

The Droop quota was first suggested by the English lawyer and mathematician Henry Richmond Droop (1831–1884) as an alternative to the Hare quota,^[4] and later by Swiss physicist Eduard Hagenbach-Bischof in the context of STV and not for the largest remainder method.^[4][5]

The Droop quota is used in almost all STV elections, including those in Australia,^[6] the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, and Malta.^[7] It is also used in South Africa to allocate seats by the largest remainder method.^[8][9] Switzerland uses the Droop quota, calling it the Hagenbach-Bischof quota.

Although common, the quota's use in proportional representation has been criticized both for its bias toward large parties^[10] and for its ability to create no-show paradoxes, situations where a candidate or party loses a seat as a result of having won too many votes. However, this situation can occur regardless of whether the quota is used with largest remainders^[11] or STV.^[12] Charges of no-show paradoxes are based on having knowledge of how a vote would be transferred if a candidate were eliminated when that candidate may not have been in real life. It is clear that any system that uses ranked votes produces different results if candidates are in different order, which is partly determined by how votes are split and therefore that charge can apply to any ranked voting system no matter what quota is used. Some analysis states that no-show paradoxes are extremely rare in real-world elections.^[13] For one thing, transfers have little effect in general on who is elected, the winners usually being among the front runners in the first round of counting anyway.^[14]

The value of the exact Droop quota for a ${\displaystyle k}$-winner election is given by the expression:^{[1][15][16][17][18][19][20]}

${\displaystyle {\frac {\text{total votes}}{k+1}}}$

In the case of a single-winner election, this reduces to the familiar simple majority rule. Under such a rule, a candidate can be declared elected as soon as they have more than 50% of the vote, i.e. their vote total exceeds ${\textstyle {\frac {\text{total votes}}{2}}}$.^[1] A candidate who, at any point, holds strictly more than one Droop quota's worth of votes is therefore guaranteed to win a seat.^[21][b]

Sometimes, the Droop quota is written as a share of all votes, in which case it has value 1⁄k+1.

The original Droop as devised by Henry Droop was one more than the exact Droop:

${\displaystyle {\frac {\text{total votes}}{k+1}}+1}$

Modern variants of STV use fractional transfers of ballots to eliminate uncertainty and therefore do not need to use the original whole-vote Droop quota. The original Droop quota is not necessary in elections that allow fractional transfers of ballots.

However, some older implementations of STV with whole vote reassignment cannot handle fractional quotas and so instead will either round up or add one and truncate:^[4]

${\displaystyle \left\lceil {\frac {\text{total votes}}{k+1}}\right\rceil \approx \left\lfloor {\frac {\text{total votes}}{k+1}}+1\right\rfloor }$

This variant of the quota is generally not recommended in the context of modern elections with fractional votes, where it can cause problems in small elections (see § Common errors).^[1][22] However, it is the most commonly used definition in legislative codes worldwide.

The Droop quota can be derived by considering what would happen if k candidates (here called "Droop winners") have exceeded the Droop quota. The goal is to identify whether an outside candidate could defeat any of these candidates. In this situation, if each quota winner's share of the vote equals 1⁄k+1, while all unelected candidates' share of the vote, taken together, is at most 1⁄k+1 votes. Thus, even if there were only one unelected candidate who held all the remaining votes, their vote tally would not exceed any of those with Droop quota.^[4]

The following election has 3 seats to be filled by single transferable vote. There are 4 candidates: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Aaron Burr. There are 102 voters, but two of the votes are spoiled.

The total number of valid votes is 100, and there are 3 seats. The Droop quota is therefore ${\textstyle {\frac {100}{3+1}}=25}$.^[18] These votes are as follows:

First preferences for each candidate are tallied:

• Washington: 45 Y
• Hamilton: 10
• Burr: 20
• Jefferson: 25

Only Washington has strictly more than 25 votes. As a result, he is immediately elected. Washington has 20 excess votes that can be transferred to their second choice, Hamilton. The tallies therefore become:

• Washington: 25 Y
• Hamilton: 30Y
• Burr: 20
• Jefferson: 25

Hamilton is elected, so his excess votes are redistributed. Thanks to Hamilton's support, Jefferson receives 30 votes to Burr's 20 and is elected.

If all of Hamilton's supporters had instead backed Burr, the election for the last seat would have been tied, requiring a tiebreaker; generally, ties are broken by taking the limit of the results as the quota approaches the exact Droop quota.

The term Droop quota is frequently defined or understood in a variety of ways that can cause confusion as to what value legislators and political observers are referring.^[23] At least six different versions appear in various legal codes or definitions of the quota, all varying by one vote.^[23] The Electoral Reform Society handbook on STV has advised against such variants since at least 1976, as they can cause problems with proportionality in small elections.^[1][22] In addition, it means that vote totals cannot be summarized into percentages because the winning candidate may depend on the choice of unit or total number of ballots (not just their distribution across candidates).^[1][22] Common variants of the Droop quota include:

${\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rlrl}{\text{Historical:}}&&\left\lceil {\frac {\text{votes}}{{\text{seats}}+1}}\right\rceil &&{\Bigl \lfloor }{\frac {\text{votes}}{{\text{seats}}+1}}+1{\Bigr \rfloor }&&{\Bigl \lfloor }{\frac {\text{votes}}{{\text{seats}}+1}}{\Bigr \rfloor }+1\\{\text{Accidental:}}&&{\phantom {\Bigl \lfloor }}{\frac {{\text{votes}}+1}{{\text{seats}}+1}}{\phantom {\Bigr \rfloor }}&&{\phantom {\Bigl \lfloor }}{\frac {\text{votes}}{{\text{seats}}+1}}+1{\phantom {\Bigr \rfloor }}\\{\text{Unusual:}}&&\left\lfloor {\frac {\text{votes}}{{\text{seats}}+1}}\right\rfloor &&\left\lfloor {\frac {\text{votes}}{{\text{seats}}+1}}+{\frac {1}{2}}\right\rfloor \end{array}}}$

The variants in the first line come from Droop's discussion in the context of Hare's STV proposal. Hare assumed that to calculate election results, physical ballots would be reshuffled across piles and did not consider the possibility of fractional votes. In such a situation, rounding the number of votes up (or, alternatively, adding one and rounding down)^[c] introduces as little error as possible, while maintaining the admissibility of the quota.^[23][4]

Some believe the original form of the Droop quota is still needed in modern STV systems to prevent an extra candidate reaching quota than there are winners.^[23] As Newland and Britton noted in 1974, this is not a problem: if the last two winners both receive a Droop quota of votes, rules can be applied to break the tie, and ties can occur regardless of which quota is used.^[1][22] Due to perceived need for this extra safety measure, Ireland, Malta and Australia have used Droop's original quota, ${\textstyle {\frac {votes}{seats+1}}+1}$ , for the last hundred years.^[1][22]

The Droop quota is sometimes confused with the more intuitive Hare quota. While the Droop quota gives the number of votes needed to mathematically guarantee a candidate's election, the Hare quota gives the number of voters represented by each winner in an exactly proportional system (i.e. one where each vote is represented equally and every vote is used). Unfortunately, frequently one or more votes are found to be exhausted and there is no way for the last elected candidate to be elected with Hare.

The Hare quota gives more proportional outcomes on average because it is statistically unbiased.^[10] By contrast, the Droop quota is more biased towards large parties than any other admissible quota.^[10] As a result, the Droop quota is the quota most likely to produce minority rule by a plurality party, where a party representing less than half of the voters may take majority of seats in a constituency.^[10] However, the Droop quota has the advantage that any party receiving more than half the votes will receive at least half of all seats.

• List of democracy and elections-related topics

• Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5.

• Droop, Henry Richmond (1869). On the Political and Social Effects of Different Methods of Electing Representatives. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)