Electric piano
An electric piano is a musical instrument that has a piano-style musical keyboard, where sound is produced by means of mechanical hammers striking metal strings or reeds or wire tines, which leads to vibrations which are then converted into electrical signals by pickups (either magnetic, electrostatic, or piezoelectric). The pickups are connected to an instrument amplifier and loudspeaker to reinforce the sound sufficiently for the performer and audience to hear.
History
.jpg)
_by_Story_%2526_Clark_and_RCA%252C_art_deco_design_by_John_Vassos%252C_MIM_PHX.jpg)
The Neo-Bechstein electric piano was built in 1931.[8] The Vierlang-Forster electric piano was introduced in 1937. The RCA Storytone electric piano was built in 1939 in a joint venture between Story & Clark and RCA. The case was designed by John Vassos, the American industrial designer. It debuted at the 1939 World's Fair.[7]
Types
The term "electric piano" can refer to several different instruments which vary in their sound-producing mechanisms and consequent timbral characters.
Struck strings
Yamaha, Baldwin, Helpinstill and Kawai's electric pianos are actual grand or upright pianos with strings and hammers. The Helpinstill models have a traditional soundboard; the others have none, and are more akin to a solid-body electric guitar.
On Yamaha's pianos, such as the CP-70, the vibration of the strings is converted to an electrical signal by piezoelectric pickups under the bridge.[9] Helpinstill's instruments use a set of electromagnetic pickups attached to the instrument's frame. All these instruments have a tonal character similar to that of an acoustic piano.
Struck reeds
Wurlitzer electronic pianos (sometimes called "Wurli" as a nickname)[10] use flat steel reeds struck by felt hammers. The reeds fit within a comb-like metal plate, and the reeds and plate together form an electrostatic or capacitive pickup system.[11] The reeds are tuned by adding or removing mass from a lump of solder at the free end of the reed. Replacement reeds are furnished with a slight excess of solder, and thus tuned "flat"; the user is required – by repeated trial and error – to gradually file off the excess solder until the correct tuning is achieved.[12]
In 2015, Brazilian inventor Tiago Valente created the first prototype of the Valente Electric Piano, an electromechanical instrument where the hammers strike reeds, similar to the ones used in a Wurlitzer.[13] In 2020, the Valente Electric Piano was launched commercially; at the time of launch, Valente said that he took inspiration from the Suette Piano, another reed electric piano that was made in Brazil in the 1980s.[14]
Struck tuning-forks
.jpg)
The tuning fork here refers to the struck element having two vibrating parts. In Fender Rhodes instruments, the struck portion of the "fork" is a tine of stiff steel wire. The other part of the fork, parallel and adjacent to the tine, is the tonebar, a sturdy steel bar which acts as a resonator and adds sustain to the sound. The tine is fitted with a spring which can be moved along its length to allow the pitch to be varied for fine-tuning.[15]
Plucked reeds
The Hohner Pianet uses adhesive pads made from an undressed leather surface cushioned by a foam rubber backing.[16] Hohner's later "Pianet T" uses silicone rubber suction pads rather than adhesive pads and replaces the electrostatic system with passive electromagnetic pickups similar to those of the Rhodes.[17]
Other electric keyboard instruments
1. Tuning / 2. Damper / 3. Tangent / 4. Anvil / 5. Key / 6. String / 7. Pickup / 8. Tailpiece
Hohner's "Clavinet" is essentially an electric clavichord. A rubber pad under each key presses the string onto a metal anvil, causing the "fretted" portion of the string to vibrate. This is detected by a series of pickups, which convert them into an electrical signal.[18]
Digital pianos
Digital pianos that provide an emulated electric piano sound have largely supplanted the actual electro-mechanical instruments in the 2010s, due to the small size, light weight, and versatility of digital instruments, which can produce a huge range of tones besides piano tones (e.g., emulations of Hammond organ sounds, synthesizer sounds, etc.). However, some performers still perform and record with vintage electric pianos. In 2009, Rhodes produced a new line of electro-mechanical pianos, known as the Rhodes Mark 7, followed by an offering from Vintage Vibe.[19]
See also
- String synthesizer
References
- ^ Fritz W. Winckel [in German] (1931). "Das Radio-Klavier von Bechstein-Siemens-Nernst". Die Umschau. 35: 840–843. ISSN 0722-8562.
- ^ Hans-W. Schmitz (1990). "Der Bechstein-Siemens-Nernst-Flügel". Das mechanische Musikinstrument. 16. Jahrgang (49) (published April 1990): 21–27. ISSN 0721-6092.(Technical report)
- ^ Hans-Joachim Braun (2004). "Music Engineers. The Remarkable Career of Winston E. Knock, Electronic Organ Designer and NASA Chief of Electronics" (PDF). IEEE Conference on the History of Electronics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-09.
- ^ Wolfgang Voigt (1988). "Oskar Vierling, ein Wegbereiter der Elektroakustik für den Musikinstrumentenbau". Das Musikinstrument. 37 (1/2): 214–221. (2/3): 172–176.
- ^ "#732: Story & Clark Storytone (1941) artdeco design electric piano". Collection Checklist (PDF). National Music Centre. p. 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-30.
- ^
Story & Clark EST.1857: Where Tradition Meets Technology (catalog). Quaker Drive Seneca, PA: QRS Music Technologies, Inc. 2008. p. 2.
The first electric piano, the Storytone, was built in 1939 in a joint venture between Story & Clark and RCA....The company went on to develop the first electric piano in partnership with RCA in 1939 and today they continue the tradition with PNOscan.
- ^ a b
"RCA Storytone Electric Piano". Antiquity Music, LLC.
the RCA Storytone piano was built in 1939 in a joint venture between Story & Clark and RCA. The case was designed by John Vassos, the famous American industrial designer. This piano is one of only 150 made and comes with its original bench. It is the world's first electric piano, and it debuted at the 1939 World's Fair, ... The piano has normal strings and action but no soundboard – the sound is amplified through electromagnetic pickups, circuitry and a speaker system, making it the world's first commercial electric piano.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) - ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 42–43.
- ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 334.
- ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 97.
- ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 101.
- ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 118.
- ^ Valente, Tiago (10 October 2023). "Bossinha – first prototype of Valente Electric Piano". Youtube. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ "New Product: Valente Electric Piano". World Piano News. December 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 213.
- ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 123.
- ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, p. 140.
- ^ Lenhoff & Robertson 2019, pp. 244, 246–247.
- ^ Jon Regen (21 November 2012). "Vintage Vibe Electric Pianos". Keyboard Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- Lenhoff, Alan; Robertson, David (2019). Classic Keys: Keyboard sounds that launched rock music. University of North Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-57441-776-0.
External links
