Euthycarcinoidea

Euthycarcinoidea Temporal range:
Life restoration of Apankura
Life restoration of Sottyxerxes
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
(unranked):	Deuteropoda
Clade:	Mandibulata
Subclass:	†Euthycarcinoidea Gall & Grauvogel, 1964
Order:	†Euthycarcinida Gall & Grauvogel, 1964
Genera
See text

Euthycarcinoidea are a group of extinct, possibly amphibious arthropods that ranged from the Cambrian to the Triassic.^[1] Fossils are known from Europe, North America, Argentina, Australia, and Antarctica. While previously considered enigmatic, they are now widely considered to be members of Mandibulata, and possibly the closest known relatives of Myriapoda (which contains millipedes and centipedes, among others).

The euthycarcinoid body was divided into a cephalon (head), preabdomen, and postabdomen. The cephalon consisted of two segments and included mandibles, antennae and presumed eyes. The preabdomen consisted of five to fourteen tergites, each having up to three somites. Each somite had in turn a pair of uniramous, segmented legs. The postabdomen was limbless and consisted of up to six segments and a terminal tail spine.^[2]

Due to its particular combination of characteristics, the position of the Euthycarcinoidea within the Arthropoda has been ambiguous; previous authors have allied euthycarcinoids with crustaceans (interpreted as copepods, branchiopods, or an independent group), with trilobites, or the merostomatans (horseshoe crabs and sea scorpions, now an obsolete group^[4]).^[5] However, due to the general features and the discovery of fossils from this group in Cambrian rocks, a 2010 study suggested that they may have given rise to the mandibulates, the group that includes the myriapods (centipedes, millipedes and the like), crustaceans, and hexapods (insects, etc.).^[2]

However, a 2020 study identified several characters, including compound eyes and various details of the preoral chamber, that suggested instead a position as the closest relatives of living myriapods.^[6] This would help to close the gap between the earliest body fossils of crown-group myriapods in the Silurian and molecular clock data suggesting a divergence from their closest relatives during the Ediacaran or Cambrian.^[2] This had already been suggested by the cladogram of a previous study.^[7] Cladogram of Mandibulata after Laville et al. (2025), showing proposed position of Euthycarcinida as sister to Myriapodia:^[8]

Mandibulata

†Aquilonifer †Tanazios †Acheronauta †Captopodus †Nereocaris †Fuxianhuiida †Hymenocarina †Euthycarcinida Myriapoda (including centipedes and millipedes) Pancrustacea ⊞ ⊟ Allotriocarida Branchiopoda (tadpole shrimp/Triops, fairy shrimp, clam shrimp, water fleas) Hexapoda (including springtails and insects) Xenocarida Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimp) Remipedia Oligostraca Branchiura (fish lice) Ostracoda Mystacocaridida Multicrustacea Copepoda Cirripedia (barnacles) †Cyclida (Americlidae) †Thylacocephala Malacostraca (shrimp, prawn, lobsters, mantis shrimp, crab, woodlice, etc)

Euthycarcinoid fossils have been found in marine, brackish and freshwater deposits.^[2] Taxa from the Cambrian are from marine or intertidal sediments, while all specimens from the Ordovician to the Triassic are freshwater or brackish.^[5] Fossil impressions of euthycarcinoid postabdomens in association with Protichnites trackways in Cambrian intertidal/supratidal deposits also suggest that euthycarcinoids may have been the first arthropods to walk on land.^[9][10] It has been suggested that the biofilms and microbial mats that covered much of the vast tidal flats during the Cambrian Period in North America may have provided the nourishment that lured these arthropods onto the land.^[11] Fossil evidence also suggests the possibility that some euthycarcinoids came onto the land to lay and fertilize their eggs via amplexus, as do the modern horseshoe crabs.^[10]

The known species of euthycarcinoids and their distribution were reviewed by Racheboeuf et al. in 2008. Additional species were described by Collette and Hagadorn in 2010.^[5][9][12]