Foggy Bottom

Foggy Bottom
Neighborhood of Washington, D.C.
Top: Corcoran School of Art (left) and U.S. Department of Interior (right); middle: Monroe-Adams House (left), George Washington University (center), The Octagon House (right); bottom: American Red Cross (left), and Foggy Bottom–GWU station (right)
Country	United States
District	Washington, D.C.
Quadrant	Northwest
Ward	2

Foggy Bottom is a neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States, located in the city's northwest quadrant. It stretches west of the White House towards the Potomac River, north of the National Mall, east of Georgetown, south of the West End neighborhood and west of Downtown D.C.

The neighborhood is best known for hosting the headquarters of the U.S. Department of State, for which the name "Foggy Bottom" is commonly used as a metonym. It is also home to federal agencies and international institutions, including the Federal Reserve, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund; the core of the neighborhood is occupied by George Washington University.

Within greater Foggy Bottom, there is a four block Historic District with modest row houses and alleys dating from as early as the 1870s and which housed working class Irish, German and African Americans during the historic period of 1860-1915.^[1]

Prior to its colonization by the British, present-day Foggy Bottom and the broader Washington region were inhabited by indigenous peoples from at least 10,000 BCE. Artifacts unveiled during an archeological dig near Whitehurst Freeway in 1996 included prehistoric ceramics, tools, and hearths that have been dated between the Middle Archaic (6500 - 3000 BCE) to Late Woodland (900 - 1600) periods. Evidence suggests the existence of a large settlement near the confluence of the Potomac River and Rock Creek, likely to take advantage of local fish runs.^[2] By the time of John Smith's voyage up the Potomac River in 1608, the Washington area was inhabited by the Algonquian-speaking Nacotchtank. Conflict with British colonizers and disease eventually forced the Nacotchtank from their homeland, and by the 18th century they had migrated elsewhere or been absorbed into the Piscataway.^[3]

Located within the Province of Maryland under the Lords Baltimore during the colonial era, present-day Foggy Bottom was originally agricultural and cultivated by both colonists and enslaved labor. Major produce included tobacco, wheat, and livestock. Part of Widow's Mite, which was established in 1664 and one of the area's earliest landholdings, was purchased in 1765 by Jacob Funk, a businessman and landowner of German descent.^[4] Funk had earlier established the town of Funkstown, Maryland, and was likely motivated in his efforts by anticipated trade with Ohio Country enabled by the Potomac River. Funk bought 130 acres of land roughly bounded by present-day 24th Street, 19th Street, H Street, and the Potomac. Calling the plot Hamburgh, Funk laid out its street grid in 1771, subdivided it into 234 lots, and attempted to develop it into a town. While a majority of the parcels were sold by 1790, aside from a church a home built by Funk, the area remained sparsely settled.^[5] Other landowners in the area were James Lingan and Georgetown merchant Robert Peter, who both ran plantations surrounding Hamburgh.^[6]

With the establishment of the District of Columbia in 1791, all preexisting landholdings in Foggy Bottom were incorporated into the city. Pierre Charles L'Enfant's plan envisioned it as the site of Washington Circle and a fortification.^[7] By 1800, Foggy Bottom had 25 habitable buildings, and was generally only sparsely settled relative to other areas of Washington during the early 19th century. Residents from this period included wealthy families from Georgetown, such as the Peters, as well as craftspeople.^[8] Foggy Bottom's initial development, today represented by grand homes like the Octagon House and the Ringgold–Carroll House, was distributed primarily in the neighborhood's western and eastern areas; much of the southern part was unoccupied.^[9]

Nascent industry in Foggy Bottom such as shipping, warehousing, glassblowing, and brewing concentrated near wharfs along the Potomac River and Rock Creek.^[11] The completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C&O) in 1837 brought more business to Foggy Bottom, including William Easby's Wharf, which supplied canal boats and industrial storage. The most significant of these was the Washington Gas and Light Company, which began building facilities in Foggy Bottom in 1856 for the production of coal gas.^[12] Beyond residential and commercial activity, the U.S. government also established a presence in the neighborhood in 1844 with the construction of the original U.S. Naval Observatory campus on Camp Hill.^[13] By the middle of the 19th century, more factories were in operation in Foggy Bottom, which included lime kilns and fertilizer manufacturers. The neighborhood's increasingly industrial character began attracting working class labor, many of whom were European immigrants; unskilled workers made up 42% of Foggy Bottom's population in 1860.^[14]

During the Civil War, the Union Army founded Camp Fry, a base of the Veteran Reserve Corps, in 1863 south of Washington Circle along 23rd Street. Other wartime facilities included corrals for horses and livestock,^[15] and the F Street House in the eastern part of Foggy Bottom, which served as the headquarters of the Commissioner General for Prisoners between 1862 and 1867.^[16]

The construction of horse-drawn streetcar networks encouraged Washington's wealthier residents to move further out from the city center after the Civil War, resulting in a fall in land values; this, as well as the arrival of more heavy industry that depended on the C&O Canal’s supply of coal, limestone, and other raw materials, facilitated Foggy Bottom's continued transition to becoming an industrial, working-class neighborhood.^[18] New companies included pavers, coal dealers, bottlers, and breweries. Of the breweries, the Christian Heurich Brewing Company founded by German immigrant Christian Heurich in 1872 became a prominent regional producer and employer. Other significant industrial facilities built during this period were the Washington Gas and Light Company's expanded operations, which included larger gas tanks along 26th and G Streets.^[17]

As Washington's population expanded throughout the latter half of the 19th century, Foggy Bottom became populated with working-class German and Irish immigrants, most of whom were employed in nearby factories. Other ethnic groups included Italians and African Americans,^[19] the latter of which migrated to Washington in large numbers as freedman following the abolition of slavery.^[20] Blocks of simple brick rowhouses were constructed throughout Foggy Bottom to accommodate its increasing population.

The neighborhood's alley dwellings, which housed the community's poorest, first emerged in the 1860s. Consisting of simple two-story brick structures and shanties, these homes lacked basic sanitation and eventually became overcrowded. Alleys were at first home mostly to white laborers; by the 1870s, Washington's alley communities were majority black.^[20] Foggy Bottom had nine inhabited alleys by the 1890s, with some, including Snows Court and Hugh's Court, containing hundreds of residents in cramped, slum-like conditions.^[21] Community institutions and businesses that emerged to serve Foggy Bottom during this period, which were generally racially and ethnically segregated,^[17] included churches such as St. Stephen's Catholic Church and St. Mary's Episcopal Church, schools, hospitals, saloons, and grocery stores.^[22] Criminal elements, such as the Irish Round Tops gang that was based in Washington Circle, also operated in the area.^[17]

Foggy Bottom's deindustrialization began in the early 20th century with the decline of the C&O Canal due to competition from regional railroads as well as reduced coal consumption resulting from the rise of oil and natural gas. Between 1903 and 1939, the number of large industrial companies in Foggy Bottom had dropped from fourteen to five.^[23] These were replaced by less labor-intensive businesses, such as warehousing and laundries, as well as non industrial activities along the Potomac waterfront, including equestrian stables.^[24] This led to an outmigration of Foggy Bottom's working-class communities, which was further enabled by expanding car ownership and suburbanization in the Washington region. Many of Foggy Bottom's black residents, who were among the neighborhood's poorest, remained in the area.^[24] At this time, particularly by the 1930s and 1940s, blacks in Washington faced a significant housing shortage due to the city's racially restrictive housing covenants, redlining, and other prevailing Jim Crow policies, which severely limited their housing options; this resulted in the concentration of black people displaced by increasing alley clearances in remaining areas permissible for black residence, causing overcrowding.^[25]

Prohibition greatly affected Foggy Bottom's breweries, which for decades had served as major employers in the neighborhood, particularly of its German community.^[17] Some unsuccessfully attempted to convert to soft drink production, while Heurich's survived by producing ice and leasing its facilities for storage. None of Foggy Bottom's breweries fully recovered from Prohibition; Heurich's closed by 1960.^[26] Prohibition also enabled the emergence of the Warring brother's organized crime syndicate, called the Foggy Bottom Gang in the local press. Headed by Charles "Rags" Warring, Emitt "Little Man" Warring, and Leo Warring, the Foggy Bottom Gang ran bootlegging and illegal gambling operations in Washington and Virginia. Some of the gang's distilling and rum-running, the latter of which was often assigned to black associates given the police's relative lack of interest if they were killed by rival gangs, took place in Foggy Bottom's alley communities. The gang maintained close relationships with local law enforcement that enabled its existence until the Federal Bureau of Investigation began a crackdown on illegal gambling in the 1950s.^[27]

In 1912, George Washington University (GW) began moving to Foggy Bottom when it transferred its Department of Arts and Sciences to 2023 G Street. Its expansion accelerated under the administration of Cloyd H. Marvin, who consolidated GW's campus east of 23rd Street starting in 1927.^[28] This area, unlike western Foggy Bottom, had been primarily a residential, upper-class community populated with civil servants throughout the 19th century.^[29] By the end of Marvin's term in 1959, GW had constructed nine university buildings, including Lisner Auditorium and George Washington University Hospital.^[28]

Foggy Bottom's inhabited alleys, whose dilapidated state had attracted the attention of reformists since the late 19th century, gradually depopulated as landlords converted them into parking lots and storage space; the total number dropped from a peak of twelve in 1897 to seven in 1927, with population density also falling significantly in historically crowded alleys.^[24] Many alley dwellings as well as older blocks of working class rowhouses were also demolished during the 1920s to make way for multi-story apartment buildings, which brought more middle-class residents to the neighborhood. Despite this, much of Foggy Bottom, especially its southern section, continued to have poor housing conditions.^[30]

• 
  Demolition of O'Brien's Court, which was described by the ADA as one of Foggy Bottom's largest alley communities.^[31]
• 
  Site of O'Brien's Court after demolition. It served temporarily as a parking lot to prepare of the planned construction of government buildings.^[32]
• 
  Temporary housing for black war workers during World War II at the site of O'Brien's Court.^[32]
• 
  Entrance to Bissells Court, located in the block immediately east of St. Mary's Church.^[33]
• 
  Location of Bissells Court after demolition. The site was sold to GW and temporarily served as parking.^[33] St. Mary's Episcopal Church and one of the neighborhood's gas tanks are visible

During the New Deal era, the Alley Dwelling Authority (ADA) was established with the objective of eliminating all of Washington's inhabited alleys by 1944.^[34] Led by John Ihlder, the ADA started demolishing Foggy Bottom's alley dwellings in 1935, beginning with 56 houses in O'Brien's Court that eventually became parking lots. This occurred as Foggy Bottom and its surrounding neighborhoods became increasingly popular among government workers due to its proximity to agencies downtown, which encouraged private redevelopment and housing conversions.^[35] ADA alley clearances displaced mainly Foggy Bottom's black residents, leading to the foundation of the Lincoln Civic Association (LCA), which fought with the ADA for new housing for black former alley residents.^[36] Other groups that pushed for affordable housing included the Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) at Briggs-Montgomery Elementary, a segregated school for Foggy Bottom's black children, which unsuccessfully attempted to lobby the ADA and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt for low-income housing for Green's Court residents in 1939.^[37]

• 
  St. Mary's Court prior to demolition. The structure depicted was used as a bakery by Union soldiers during the Civil War, and at the time of acquisition by the ADA was occupied as a dwelling.^[38]
• 
  St. Mary's Court Apartments following their completion in the late 1930s. It contained 24 units, and was eventually demolished in the 1970s due to prohibitive maintenance costs.^[38][39]

In 1937, the ADA's plans to replace alley dwellings in Saint Mary's Court with a 24-unit public housing property for blacks instigated significant pushback from Foggy Bottom's white residents and civic associations, who believed the project's retaining of black residents would "retard progress" towards the neighborhood's revitalization. This led to a counter reaction from the LCA and the local black press, which continued to push for replacement housing. While ADA eventually completed the project at Saint Mary's Court as originally planned despite resistance from whites, this did not satisfy the LCA, which argued that the ADA's activities in Foggy Bottom and elsewhere in Washington had not adequately rehoused alley dwellers.^[40]

Compounding the issue was the fact that the land the ADA purchased or received as a part of alley clearance efforts was often too expensive to support low-income public housing;^[30] this was made worse by the increases in land values and rents throughout Washington driven by New Deal government expansion.^[41] Consequently, the ADA rarely providing housing for alley dwellers, instead converting Foggy Bottom's alley areas into commercial use.^[39] Despite the ADA's activities in the neighborhood, by 1950, Foggy Bottom was a majority black community.^[42] Many areas of the neighborhood were recorded in 1944 as continuing to lack running water, modern sewage facilities, and electricity.^[39]

Foggy Bottom's shift towards urban renewal began in 1947 with the construction of the United States Department of State headquarters and Washington Gas and Light's dismantling of its facilities, which was completed in 1954.^[43] This encouraged large scale transformation of Foggy Bottom's formerly industrial areas, as well as small-scale renovations of alley dwellings. Neighborhoods associations, developers, and federal urban renewal agencies all conceived competing visions for Foggy Bottom's redevelopment; this was in parallel with plans for the Inner Loop highway that would run through the area.^[44]

In 1950, the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC), as a part of its Comprehensive Plan for Washington, identified parts of Foggy Bottom as being "blighted or obsolete" based on a 1940 assessment of the neighborhood's housing conditions; by 1955, it was designated for future urban renewal projects, which made properties eligible for federal mortgage insurance and enabled the government to more easily pursue eminent domain.^[45] The NCPC, groups representing renovators and private developers, GW, and those opposed to government-sponsored urban renewal then proceeded with negotiating the terms and area of the planned renewal initiative.^[46] Opposition to urban renewal focused on the potential for wholesale demolition based on what was then underway in Southwest Washington.^[47] Government planners eventually relented, and by 1957 the NCPC had shelved the initiative, as by that point private renovation and development had ameliorated much of Foggy Bottom's blighted conditions the NCPC had used to justify the 1950 urban renewal designation.^[48] By 1960, Foggy Bottom had transformed into a largely white, middle-income neighborhood, with its black population displaced due to the clearing of low-income areas and rising property values resulting from private investment and home renovations.^[49]

While the original NCPC urban renewal plans were not pursued, the Columbia Plaza development in Foggy Bottom's did receive assistance from federal programs and represents the only finished urban renewal project in the neighborhood. The building elicited significant controversy from residents, who were completely displaced following Columbia Plaza's completion,^[50] and Congress; the development was planned and constructed during the emergence of broader political opposition to urban renewal. Despite investigations into the financing of the project by a Congressional subcommittee led by Democratic Representative John Dowdy, construction proceeded in 1965 and was completed in 1975.^[51] Other major sites built during this period include the Watergate complex on the land of the old gas tanks and the Kennedy Center.^[52]

The Inner Loop, which was expected to be a major thoroughfare as a part of the 1950's car-centric vision for Washington's transit system, was originally set to follow 25th Street between the Arlington Memorial Bridge and M Street.^[53] The planned construction of the Potomac Plaza apartment complex and the Kennedy Center, as well as the reduction of urban decay in Foggy Bottom, forced planners to alter the freeway's route; this resulted in the demolition of much of Foggy Bottom's western section in 1961 to make way for what has become the E Street Expressway segment of Interstate 66.^[54] Landmarks including the Heurich Brewery, which then housed the Arena Stage, were also torn down during the construction of the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, which was finished in 1964 and connects to the Expressway.^[55]

Foggy Bottom underwent significant redevelopment into the second half of the 20th century, driven in part by GW's expansion; the university had become a major landowner in the neighborhood through the acquisition of residential and commercial property. This caused an increase in housing costs and a reduction in the number of Foggy Bottom's residents; between 1970 and 1984, Foggy Bottom's residential population declined from 14,500 to 9,100.^[56] Continued development pressure inspired neighborhood associations to explore forming a historic district that would protect Foggy Bottom's remaining historic architecture.^[57] This was eventually achieved in 1987, when the National Register for Historic Places (NRHP) designated the area bounded by New Hampshire Avenue, Washington Circle, 24th, 26th, and H Streets as the Foggy Bottom Historic District.^[58] Preservationists, as well as GW students, also confronted GW over the planned demolitions of Red Lion Row along I Street and the Lenthall Houses; the former was partially retained via a facadist arrangement,^[56] and the latter was moved from 19th Street to 21st Street to make way for the World Bank headquarters.^[59]

Foggy Bottom's revitalization has continued into the 21st century, with blocks formerly occupied by parking lots replaced with mixed-use buildings; this has contributed to greater walkability, as well as rising costs of living and gentrification.^[60] GW's expansion also continued advancing aggressively between 1988 and 2007 under university president Stephen Joel Trachtenberg. Negotiations between the city government, neighborhood organizations, and GW resulted in the university's 2007 Campus Plan, which facilitated the establishment of the George Washington University-Old West End Historic District by the NRHP in 2014.^[61]

Foggy Bottom Historic District
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Aerial view of Foggy Bottom. The Watergate Complex is in the foreground.
Location	Bounded by 17th St., Rock Creek Parkway, Constitution Ave., Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, D.C.
NRHP reference No.	87001269
Added to NRHP	October 14, 1987

Points of interest in Foggy Bottom include the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Friendship Lodge Odd Fellows Hall, and the Watergate complex, site of the Watergate scandal's burglaries that led to President Richard Nixon's resignation. George Washington University has grown significantly over the past decades and now covers much of the neighborhood, which has many historic old homes and numerous mid-rise apartment buildings. The historic portion of the Foggy Bottom neighborhood is preserved and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Just south of the Watergate complex, on the Potomac River, lies the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, home of the National Symphony Orchestra and numerous other theatrical and musical exhibitions. On Virginia Avenue is the Simon Bolivar Memorial. George Washington University's Lisner Auditorium and Smith Center are frequently home to major concerts, as is DAR Constitution Hall. Foggy Bottom is also home to the original location of the United States Naval Observatory.

The southern edge of Foggy Bottom is home to many federal government offices, including the State Department.^[62][63] The Main Interior Building (headquarters of the Department of the Interior), the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters, and the Federal Reserve Board buildings all lie on or around Virginia Avenue. To the east lies the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, home to the Executive Office of the President of the United States and the Office of the Vice President of the United States. On the other side of the office is the White House, outside of the neighborhood.

Foggy Bottom is also home to numerous international and American organizations. The World Bank buildings, the International Finance Corporation, the International Monetary Fund, the Office of Personnel Management, DAR Constitution Hall of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the American Pharmacists Association, the American Red Cross National Headquarters, the Pan American Health Organization, and the Organization of American States are all located in the neighborhood. In addition, the Mexican and Spanish embassies are located in Foggy Bottom, both on Pennsylvania Avenue.

Foggy Bottom, along with the rest of Washington D.C, was designed using the L'Enfant Plan, which created squares of housing with open space left in the middle. Foggy Bottom's alley life issue emerged during the 1860s when an influx of Irish and German immigrants attempted to move into Foggy Bottom.^[64] This influx was a result of the large number of industrial buildings that were located in Foggy Bottom.^[64] There were no immediate houses available for these new immigrants, so they were forced to move into the uninhabited alleys that were located in the middle of the squares. The situation became worse after the Civil War when a wave of newly freed Black Americans moved to Washington and began populating the alleys.

Construction of the alleys continued until 1892 because the government needed to reduce overcrowding in residential areas.^[65] For the next decade, the government largely left the alleys untouched. However, at the turn of the 20th century, the government began relegating more responsibilities and authority to the Health Department, which began demolishing the alleys because of the copious amounts of crime and disease. The living conditions of the inhabitants were quite abysmal, with half of the population sharing or having no toilet facilities^[66] Furthermore, crime was a major problem; a section of Foggy Bottom was nicknamed "Round Tops" because of a well-known gang that was active in the area.

The following decades showed an improvement in the overall living conditions in the alleys of Foggy Bottom. The Health Department's effort to reduce crime and overcrowding largely succeeded until the 1920s, when prohibition began being enforced. Because breweries were a major source of income for the inhabitants of Foggy Bottom, prohibition created a new wave of lower-class workers who flocked to the alleys to set up bootleg liquor stores.^[66] During this time, the German and the Irish immigrants that had been prevalent since the 1860s began to move out.^[66] In 1934, after conditions in the alley had deteriorated, the government created the Alley Dwelling Authority, a new government entity that specifically dealt with improving Washington D.C.’s alleys. The ADA was authorized to demolish or redevelop any alley if it was deemed to be worth saving or not. The addition of the ADA and the arrival of the Department of State began to improve the living conditions in the alleys over time.^[66]

The ADA was given the task of evaluating homes and streets to see if they met proper living conditions. Specific documentation would state the reasons why the area needed to be renovated. This documentation would then be sent from the authority to legislation for approval. Individual legislators included, but not exclusively, Eleanor Roosevelt. Common reasons given for why an area was in need of renovation were: too many people in one home; too many African Americans in and around the area; or that the exterior paint had faded. After the ADA gained approval from legislation, it would then give the occupants of the houses anywhere from two to four months to vacate the building. By July 1, 1944, all of the houses in Foggy Bottom had been evacuated and plans were set forward for renovation. This act sought to produce larger living spaces for individuals with better conditions so that the owners could charge more for rent. Higher rent prices were acceptable at the time because of a boom in hiring. Rents usually ranged anywhere from seventeen to thirty-seven dollars a month. These prices fluctuated often because of the available jobs and the condition of the houses. Older houses were typically cheaper than new homes, only some of which came with running water, gas heaters or cooling systems. Statistics suggest that, on average, the greater wealth arose from the majority of white residents, but also that black wealth was steadily increasing due to new job patterns.^[67]

In 1856, construction began on the West Station Works, a plant owned and operated by the Washington Gas Light corporation, at the intersections of 26th and G St. NW.^[68] The construction began the development of the area now occupied by the Watergate complex and throughout broader Foggy Bottom. The location was chosen for its proximity to the Potomac River, which made it convenient to unload barges of coal for the plant.^[69][70] The daily operation of the West Station Works attracted laborers to the area, most of them unskilled.

By 1860, the unskilled population in Foggy Bottom was at 42%, compared to 9% in 1850.^[71] The influx of people spurred development in the area, and 40 years after the works were completed, the area fit the description of a proper city. In 1948, the area of land occupied by the West Station Works was purchased by the Watergate Project.^[72] The plant was demolished, and the Watergate complex was constructed on the same plot of land. Today, there is no physical remnant of the plant. It is a historical location today.

It is bounded roughly by 17th Street NW to the east, the Potomac River and Rock Creek Parkway to the west, Constitution Avenue and the National Mall to the south, and Pennsylvania Avenue NW to the north.

Foggy Bottom is thought to have received its name due to an atmospheric quirk of its low lying, marshy riverside location, which made it susceptible to concentrations of fog, and later, industrial smoke. The United States Department of State gained the metonym "Foggy Bottom"^[73] when it moved its headquarters to the Harry S Truman Building in 1947.^[62][63]

Late into the 20th century, Foggy Bottom witnessed a drastic change in demographics. There was a racial transformation within the area, as a white revival emerged. Many different factors forced out the black population, including the Foggy Bottom Taxpayers Protective Association opposing federal intervention. The renovations enacted by the Alley Dwelling Authority rendered the former inhabitants displaced. Similarly, the West End witnessed the same changes.^[74] Another factor of the change in demographics was orchestrated by Democratic Senator Theodore G. Bilbo, who called for an "Alley Moving Day" forcing the black population out of the alleys.

The neighborhood is predominately white and has a large number of off-campus university student residents that affect demographics on income, age and race. As of the 2010 United States census, there are 14,642 residents, of whom 78.3% are white.^[75]

The Foggy Bottom neighborhood is served by:

• Foggy Bottom – GWU Washington Metro station, on the Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines.
• Metrobus routes 31, 32, 36, 37, 38B, 39, 80, H1, L1, N3, S1, and X1
• Rentable bikes and electric scooters are readily available

George Washington University (GWU) is located in Foggy Bottom.

Public schools in Foggy Bottom are part of the District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) system. The neighborhood elementary and middle school located in Foggy Bottom is School Without Walls at Francis-Stevens.^[76] Residents are zoned for Cardozo Education Campus for high school. DCPS also operates School Without Walls, a magnet high school, on the GWU campus.^[77]

• Quai d'Orsay

• Borchert, James (1974). "Alley Life in Washington: An Analysis of 600 Photographs". Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. 49: 244–259. Retrieved April 22, 2026.
• Gillette, Howard (2006). Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D. C. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1958-6. Retrieved April 22, 2026.
• National Capital Housing Authority (1944). Report of the National Capital Housing Authority for the 10-Year Period 1934-1944. Washington, D.C.: National Capital Housing Authority. Retrieved April 23, 2026.
• Sherwood, Suzanne Berry (January 1, 1981). Foggy Bottom 1800 - 1975: A Study in the Uses of an Urban Neighborhood. Washington, D.C.: George Washington University Center for Washington Area Studies. Retrieved April 22, 2026.
• Snyderman, Lois (May 21, 1987). National Register of Historic Places Registration Form - Foggy Bottom (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Retrieved April 25, 2026.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foggy Bottom.

• Foggy Bottom Collection | Special Collections Research Center, The George Washington University Repository
• Foggy Bottom Association History Project

38°53′54″N 77°02′56″W / 38.89833°N 77.04889°W / 38.89833; -77.04889