Conservation officer

Bronze sculpture of *Pepe el lobero* (1909-1995), renowned head forest ranger of Saja-Besaya, Spain's most important hunting reserve

A conservation officer is a law enforcement officer who protects wildlife and the environment. A conservation officer may also be referred to as an environmental technician/technologist, game warden, park ranger, forest watcher, forest guard, forest warden, forester, gamekeeper, investigator, wilderness officer, wildlife officer, or wildlife trooper. In Germany and german spoken lands, they called: Jagdaufseher, Jagdschutz, Förster

History

Conservation officers can be traced back to the Middle Ages (see gamekeeper). Conservation law enforcement goes back to King Canute who enacted a forest law that made unauthorized hunting punishable by death.^[1] In 1861, Archdeacon Charles Thorp arranged purchase of some of the Farne Islands off the north-east coast of England and employment of a warden to protect threatened seabird species. The modern history of the office is linked to that of the conservation movement and has varied greatly across the world. The oldest seen wardens and forest watchers was working in Germany.

The german estates of kings and princes in the Middle Ages were usually presided over by an "iudex" or bailiff. The bailiff paid attention to the preservation of the forest, supervised the sale of timber, the collection of forestry duties and taxes, and supervised the forestry staff, the "forestarii". Even then, this was divided into three groups:

"magister forestariorum": The forester was responsible for the sale of timber, unless the bailiff had reserved this right. He led a larger district of a forest property including the forestry employees.

"liberi forestarii": The forester monitored the borders and watched over the felled wood. He was allowed to assign forest districts to the population for the harvest of firewood, so-called firewood felling. Furthermore, he was allowed to determine the place and time of the forest pasture.

"servi forestarii": The forester or forest worker was responsible for manual and spanning services. But he also supervised the forest pasture and the felled wood. This three-part structure of the job description has survived to this day, with some changes.

The profession of German hunting conservationist and forester was first advertised as a regular profession in the trade and teaching role of the German Empire around 1750. What is known, however, is that the landlords employed foresters long before that. They managed wood / trees and protected the wild animals from hunger and hardship but also from poachers and hunted them professionally.

However, it is also known that landlords and their foresters/professional foresters were already established long before the founding of the current USA and the previous land grabbing by immigrants in America. Germany and Europe have actively pursued a job: This profession of forest conservationist was an anchored profession in Germany, which can be traced back to at least this time, when people still cooked and heated with wood. At least to this time, when lands were owned by feudal lords or barons. Since this period, the profession of "forester" and "forest protector" has been verifiable in Germany and Europe.

In Germany, where only selected people are allowed to hunt and have to complete a very elaborate course of study, additional and very expensive qualifications and studies are required. In order to become a hunting conservationist / forest conservationist, it requires a very elaborate degree - in addition, this person must then be "appointed by the hunting authority (Jagdbehörde)". This is a part-time course. Which also stands out from the studied and trained forester. The difference to a "forester" here is that a "game warden" does this passionate and idle work in his free time. A forester only works with these tasks during his period of service. A forester is also more active as a business economist and salesman. His job is to sell trees/wood. Therefore, in Germany, "game wardens" are also called "the soul of the wild". They sacrifice countless hours and love to nature. In Germany, this is an extremely complicated process and an extreme task to become a game warden or forest conservationist. The same can be seen in the Fishermen's Supervision. Therefore, we will not explain this further. It is probably easier to film a system-critical documentary in some countries of the world than to explain the differences between forest, fisheries and hunting conservationists in Germany. Please note: In addition, it must be mentioned that the right to hunt is different from the right to fish. So a difference can be seen. "Fisheries Conservation" / "Fisheries Supervision" is a separate study path, which requires a different education! Difference we have insert in the folowing Links!

History in New York State

Conservation officers in New York State are known as "environmental conservation officers", or ECOs. The position was created in the late nineteenth century. Originally, they were known as "game protectors". The first game protectors recorded comprised a group of eight men authorized to arrest anyone who killed wildlife on protected land. Their job was to protect game and catch poachers. They also chose to protect streams from pollution. In 1960, their title was changed to "conservation officers", then in 1970, they were renamed "environmental conservation officers", after the Conservation Department and the State Health Department merged to become the "Department of Environmental Conservation". At the same time, the role's status was changed, giving ECOs more legal power than they had previously had.^[2]

Education

Conservation officers generally have a degree in areas specific to criminal justice, fish and wildlife management, recreation management, wildlife resources, or a science major related to these. Most start out their careers as a trainee under the supervision of an experienced conservation officer. After graduation and completion of the trainee program, many go on to law enforcement training to become a peace officer. In America, conservation officers must also take and pass the state civil service exam for ECOs.^[3] The Western Conservation Law Enforcement Academy is the academy that all Officers employed in western Canada including Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba must graduate from in order to be appointed as Officers in their respective jurisdictions. The program is 6 months long with about 2 of those months spent as on-the-job training with a direct supervisor. Training includes dress and deportment, investigations, firearm handling, use of force, swiftwater rescue, off-road vehicle use, search warrant application and execution and much more.

Recognizing the wardens' roles

As noted at the North American Game Warden Museum, confronting armed poachers in rural and even remote locations can be lonely, dangerous and even fatal work for game wardens.^[4]^[5] Recognition of the ultimate sacrifice of these officers at this museum is considered to be important, concomitant to recognition at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial.^[6]

Officers are exposed to other risks beyond being killed by hunters, trappers and armed fishermen.^[6] Motor vehicle, boating, snowmobile and airplane accidents, animal attacks, drowning, and hypothermia are other risk they face while on duty.^[6]^[7]

In North America game wardens are typically employees of state or provincial governments. 26 of the 50 U.S. states have government departments entitled Department of Natural Resources or a similar title. These departments typically patrol state or provincial parks and public lands and waterways dedicated to hunting and fishing, and also enforce state or provincial game and environmental laws on private property. In some states such as Maryland, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, conservation officers serve in the role of marine law enforcement as well, responsible for the enforcement of local, state, and federal boating laws along with search and rescue and homeland security.

Game wardens/conservation officers are front and center in keeping out (or in check) invasive species.^[8]

In an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, their concerns are much more comprehensive than local enforcement. While conservation officers enforce wildlife, hunting, and game laws, they have transitioned to aiding other law enforcement agencies with drug enforcement, serving warrants, and at times provide effort to homeland security.^[9] They also enforce broader conservation laws, such as the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and similar laws/treaties. or the Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (in Canada) which implements the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna^[10] As necessary, they will work in tandem with appropriate national or federal agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or Environment Canada.