Global mental health

Global mental health is "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving mental health and achieving equity in mental health for all people worldwide."[1] The field focuses on improving the prevention, care, and treatment of mental health disorders globally, along with improving the quality of life for those living with such disorders.[2] This is often with an emphasis on those living in resource-limited settings with less access to mental health treatment.

Like with global health generally,[3] there has been criticism of global mental health as a neo-colonial or "missionary" project.[4][5][6][7][8][9] The medicalization of human experiences and treatments has also been criticized for ignoring local conceptualizations and methods for healing.[6] Others have criticized pharmaceutical companies for moving into the global market just to get more clients.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

While many in the global mental health field study psychosocial interventions developed by or in collaboration with locals, due to constraints in resources like personnel and time, prescribing medication is often seen as more cost-effective.[11][12] In recent years, there has been an emphasis on creating community-based, scalable, and sustainable interventions.

Percentage of people suffering from mental disorders in different geographical areas in 2019

The overall aim of the field of global mental health is to strengthen mental health all over the world by providing information about the mental health situation in all countries, as well as identifying mental health care needs in order to develop cost-effective interventions to meet those specific needs.[13][14][15]

The global burden of disease

Disability-adjusted life year for neuropsychiatric conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002:
  no data
  less than 10
  10–20
  20–30
  30–40
  40–50
  50–60
  60–80
  80–100
  100–120
  120–140
  140–150
  more than 150

Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders make a substantial contribution to the global burden of disease (GBD).[16] This is a global measure of so-called disability-adjusted life years (DALY's) assigned to a certain disease/disorder, which is a sum of the years lived with disability and years of life lost due to this disease within the total population. Neuropsychiatric conditions account for 14% of the global burden of disease. Among non-communicable diseases, they account for 28% of DALY's – more than cardiovascular disease or cancer. However, it is estimated that the real contribution of mental disorders to the global burden of disease is even higher, due to the complex interactions and co-morbidity of physical and mental illness.

Around the world, almost one million people die due to suicide every year, and it is the third leading cause of death among young people. The most important causes of disability due to health-related conditions worldwide include unipolar depression, alcoholism, schizophrenia, bipolar depression and dementia. In low- and middle-income countries, these conditions represent a total of 19.1% of all disability-related health conditions.[17]

According to Paul and Moser's meta-analysis, countries with high income inequality and poor unemployment protections have worse mental health outcomes among the unemployed.[18] One article claimed 76%-85% of these said countries cannot provide care.[19][20]Roughly 14% of adolescents have mental health challenges as well.[21]

Mental health by region

Sub-Saharan Africa

Mental illnesses and mental health disorders are widespread concerns among underdeveloped African countries, yet these issues are largely neglected, as mental health care in Africa is given statistically less attention than it is in other, westernized nations. Rising death tolls due to mental illness demonstrate the imperative need for improved mental health care policies and advances in treatment for Africans suffering from psychological disorders.[22]

Underdeveloped African countries are so visibly troubled by physical illnesses, disease, malnutrition, and contamination that the dilemma of lacking mental health care has not been prioritized, makes it challenging to have a recognized impact on the African population. In 1988 and 1990, two original resolutions were implemented by the World Health Organization's Member States in Africa. AFR/RC39/R1 and AFR/RC40/R9 attempted to improve the status of mental health care in specific African regions to combat its growing effects on the African people.[23] However, it was found that these new policies had little impact on the status of mental health in Africa, ultimately resulting in an incline in psychological disorders instead of the desired decline, and causing this to seem like an impossible problem to manage.

In Africa, many socio-cultural and biological factors have led to heightened psychological struggles, while also masking their immediate level of importance to the African eye. Increasing rates of unemployment, violence, crime, rape, and disease are often linked to substance abuse, which can cause mental illness rates to inflate.[24] Additionally, physical disease like HIV/AIDS, the Ebola epidemic, and malaria often have lasting psychological effects on victims that go unrecognized in African communities because of their inherent cultural beliefs. Traditional African beliefs have led to the perception of mental illness as being caused by supernatural forces, preventing helpful or rational responses to abnormal behavior. For example, Ebola received loads of media attention when it became rampant in Africa and eventually spread to the US, however, researchers never really paid attention to its psychological effects on the African brain. Extreme anxiety, struggles with grief, feelings of rejection and incompetence, depression leading to suicide, PTSD, and much more are only some of the noted effects of diseases like Ebola.[25] These epidemics come and go, but their lasting effects on mental health are remaining for years to come, and even ending lives because of the lack of action. There has been some effort to financially fund psychiatric support in countries like Liberia, due to its dramatic mental health crisis after warfare, but not much was benefited. Aside from financial reasons, it is so difficult to enforce mental health interventions and manage mental health in general in underdeveloped countries simply because the individuals living there do not necessarily believe in western psychiatry. It is also important to note that the socio-cultural model of psychology and abnormal behavior is dependent on factors surrounding cultural differences.[26] This causes mental health abnormalities to remain more hidden due to the culture's natural behavior, compared to westernized behavior and cultural norms.

This relationship between mental and physical illness is an ongoing cycle that has yet to be broken. While many organizations are attempting to solve problems about physical health in Africa, as these problems are clearly visible and recognizable, there is little action taken to confront the underlying mental effects that are left on the victims. It is recognized that many of the mentally ill in Africa search for help from spiritual or religious leaders, however this is widely because many African countries are significantly lacking in mental health professionals in comparison to the rest of the world. In Ethiopia alone, there are "only 10 psychiatrists for the population of 61 million people,"[23] studies have shown. While numbers have definitely changed since this research was done, the lack of psychological professionals throughout African continues with a current average of 1.4 mental health workers per 100,000 people compared to the global statistic of 9.0 professionals per 100,000 people.[27] Additionally, statistics show that the "global annual rate of visits to mental health outpatient facilities is 1,051 per 100,000 population," while "in Africa the rate is 14 per 100,000" visits. About half of Africa's countries have some sort of mental health policy, however, these policies are highly disregarded,[24] as Africa's government spends "less than 1% of the total health budget on mental health".[28] Specifically in Sierra Leone, about 98.8% of people suffering from mental disorders remain untreated, even after the building of a well below average psychiatric hospital, further demonstrating the need for intervention.[27]

Not only has there been little hands-on action taken to combat mental health issues in Africa, but there has also been little research done on the topic to spread its awareness and prevent deaths. The Lancet Global Health[28] acknowledges that there are well over 1,000 published articles covering physical health in Africa, but there are still less than 50 discussing mental health. And this pressing dilemma of prioritizing physical health vs. mental health is only worsening as the continent's population is substantially growing with research showing that "Between 2000 and 2015 the continent's population grew by 49%, yet the number of years lost to disability as a result of mental and substance use disorders increased by 52%".[27] The number of deaths caused by mental instability is truly competing with those caused by physical diseases: "In 2015, 17.9 million years were lost to disability as a consequence of mental health problems. Such disorders were almost as important a cause of years lost to disability as were infectious and parasitic diseases, which accounted for 18.5 million years lost to disability,".[27] Mental health and physical health care, while they may seem separate, are very much connected, as these two factors determine life or death for humans. As new challenges surface and old challenges still haven't been prioritized, Africa's mental health care policies need significant improvement in order to provide its people with the appropriate health care they deserve, hopefully preventing this problem from expanding.

East Asia and the Pacific

Western Pacific

The World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region comprises 38 countries and approximately 2.2 billion people– nearly a fourth of the global population.[29] Nearly 10 percent of this population (~215 million individuals) struggles with poor mental health.[30] Vast variation in the mental health infrastructures throughout the Western Pacific poses a challenge for consistent, reliable mental health care across the region. Regional mental health leadership and initiatives remain largely fragmented, inhibiting the potential to address growing concerns relating to rapid urbanisation, proliferation of drug supplies and abuse, climate change vulnerability, and economic deprivation, among other issues.[30] The Western Pacific Region accounted for a quarter of suicide mortality in 2019.[31]

In the region's low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Cambodia, China, Fiji, Kiribati, Laos, Malaysia, the Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Viet Nam), child and adolescent mental health is particularly at risk, with this population accounting for nearly 18 percent of DALYs attributed to mental illness and substance abuse. Despite this, most of the region's LMICs allocated ≤1% of their total mental health spending on Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMH).[32] This presents a particularly problematic situation, given that over 30% of these countries' populations are composed of individuals between 0 and 24 years of age[32] and given that approximately three-quarters of lifetime cases of mental disorders develop in this age range.[33] This signals the necessity of developing early-intervention mental health initiatives in the region.

Australia

A survey conducted by Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2008 regarding adults with manageable to severe neurosis reveals almost half of the population had a mental disorder at some point of their life and one in five people had a sustained disorder in the preceding 12 months. In neurotic disorders, 14% of the population experienced anxiety and comorbidity disorders were next to common mental disorder with vulnerability to substance abuse and relapses. There were distinct gender differences in disposition to mental health illness. Women were found to have high rate of mental health disorders, and Men had higher propensity of risk for substance abuse. The SMHWB survey showed families that had low socioeconomic status and high dysfunctional patterns had a greater proportional risk for mental health disorders. A 2010 survey regarding adults with psychosis revealed 5 persons per 1000 in the population seeks professional mental health services for psychotic disorders and the most common psychotic disorder was schizophrenia.[34][35][36]

East Asia

Japan

Further information: Category:Mental health in Japan

A 2016 study estimated that approximately a fifth of Japan's population had experienced a common mental disorder (CMD) at any point in their lifetime.[37] CMDs include depression, generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, phobias, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[38] Alcohol abuse was found to be the most common mental health disorder, with a population lifetime prevalence of 7.3 percent.[37] Most disorders were classified as "moderate" or "mild" (approximately 44 and 41 percent, respectively), though a significant portion (15 percent) of diagnoses were classified as "severe," and only 37 percent of these cases received care. Overall, "only 21.9% of respondents with any 12-month disorder sought treatment within the last 12 months."[37] According to the World Mental Health Japan (WMHJ) 2nd Survey, lifetime prevalence for any CMD was greater among males, though persistence was greater among females.[39] Overall, the nationwide prevalence of CMDs remained stable from the time of the first WMHJ survey.

Since the mid-1900s, Japan's mental healthcare system has been largely situated within the clinical hospital contexts – relying heavily on inpatient care – as a result of 1950s legislation that banned "home confinement" and allowed for involuntary institutionalisation.[40] This period, however, saw "untoward growth in inpatient admissions, deterioration in the quality of inpatient treatment, and prolonged hospitalization," which eventually led to policy changes in the mid-90s that began to shift the country's mental healthcare system toward more community-centered care initiatives.[40] Such efforts include "home-visit nursing care, administered by medical institutions, outpatient clinics, nursing stations, and administrative home-visit services arranged by municipalities and Public Health Centers (PHCs)" as well as localised Mental Health and Welfare Centers (MHWCs).[40] While important strides have been made toward this kind of community-integrated care, institutionalised care still represents a significant portion of mental health treatment in the country.

China

Further information: Mental health in China

As of 2016, 13 percent of China's non-communicable disease burden was attributable to disorders of mental health, suggesting a significant public health concern.[41] A 2012 cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted among adults in 31 Chinese provinces found that the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders (excluding dementia) was close to 17 percent. Anxiety disorders were the most common, with a lifetime prevalence of 7.6 percent.[42] This study found that while the prevalence of psychotic disorders has remained more or less stable, the prevalence of non-psychotic disorders has increased relative to earlier Chinese studies.[42]

Treatment for severe mental disorders remains extremely low, with only around 150 per 100,000 of these cases receiving care.[41] State spending on psychiatric hospitals also remains minimal at approximately 1.07 USD per person (compared to an average of 35.06 USD per person in other high-income countries), and the ratio of mental health providers to patients is much lower than in other developed nations.[41] However, China's mental healthcare has recently been the target of notable policy efforts, such as the Mental Health Law of the People’s Republic of China and the "China Brain" project, which signal increased attention being directed towards mental well-being and mental health research.[41]

South Asia

Bangladesh

See also: Mental health in Bangladesh

Mental health disorder is considered a major public health concern and it constitutes about 13% of the Global Burden of disease and severe mental health disease may reduce each individual's life expectancy by about 20%. Low and middle-income countries have a higher burden of mental health disorder as it is not considered as a health problem as other chronic diseases. Being a low-income country, in Bangladesh, mental health issues are highly stigmatized.[43]

A community-based study in the rural area of Bangladesh in 2000-2001 estimated that the burden of mental morbidity was 16.5% among rural people and most were suffering from mainly depression and anxiety and which was one-half and one-third of total cases respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of mental disorders was higher in women in large families aged 45 years.[44]

Care for mental health in Bangladesh

A study conducted in 2008 stated that only 16% of patients came directly to the Mental Health Practitioner with a mean delay of 10.5 months of the onset of mental illness, which made them more vulnerable in many ways. 22% of patients went for the religious or traditional healer and 12% consulted a rural medical practitioner with the least delay of 2-2.5 weeks.[45]

India

Further information: Mental health in India

With a large, diverse population of around 1.47 billion,[46] mental health issues are an immediate concern in India. Approximately 15% of individuals in India struggle with mental health, including a large variety of disorders like depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and many more. Mental health struggles in India impact many areas of society, such as personal and professional success, economic growth, productivity, and healthcare burdens. In fact, according to the World Health Organization, an estimated $1.03 trillion USD will be lost between 2012-2030 due to mental health.[47] Additionally, stigma around mental health challenges are perpetuated in many Indian communities, causing individuals to resist seeking help and exacerbating negative consequences.[48]

Gender inequalities are a significant source of many mental health challenges. Women are generally more vulnerable to mental health disorders due to factors such as power imbalances, limited access to education, and abuse. For example, the risk of anxiety disorders is 2-3 times higher in women than in men. According to Malhotra et al., using data from the World Health Organization in 2001, "Depressive disorders account for close to 41.9% of the disability from neuropsychiatric disorders among women compared to 29.3% among men."[49]

North America

Canada

Further information: Mental health in Canada

According to statistics released by the Centre of Addiction and Mental Health one in five people in Canada experience a mental health or addiction problem.[50] Young people of ages 15 to 25 are particularly found to be vulnerable. Major depression is found to affect 8% and anxiety disorder 12% of the population. Women are 1.5 times more likely to suffer from mood and anxiety disorders. WHO points out that there are distinct gender differences in patterns of mental health and illness.[51] The lack of power and control over their socioeconomic status, gender based violence; low social position and responsibility for the care of others render women vulnerable to mental health risks. Since more women than men seek help regarding a mental health problem, this has led to not only gender stereotyping but also reinforcing social stigma. WHO has found that this stereotyping has led doctors to diagnose depression more often in women than in men even when they display identical symptoms. Often communication between health care providers and women is authoritarian leading to either the under-treatment or over-treatment of these women.[52]

Women's College Hospital has a program called the "Women's Mental Health Program" where doctors and nurses help treat and educate women regarding mental health collaboratively, individually, and online by answering questions from the public.[53]

Another Canadian organization serving mental health needs is the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH). CAMH is one of Canada's largest and most well-known health and addiction facilities, and it has received international recognitions from the Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre. They do research in areas of addiction and mental health in both men and women. In order to help both men and women, CAMH provides "clinical care, research, education, policy development and health promotion to help transform the lives of people affected by mental health and addiction issues."[54] CAMH is different from Women's College Hospital due to its widely known rehab centre for women who have minor addiction issues, to severe ones. This organization provides care for mental health issues by assessments, interventions, residential programs, treatments, and doctor and family support.[54]

United States

Further information: Mental health in the United States

According to the World Health Organization in 2004, depression is the leading cause of disability in the United States for individuals ages 15 to 44.[55] Absence from work in the U.S. due to depression is estimated to be in excess of $31 billion per year. Depression frequently co-occurs with a variety of medical illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, and chronic pain and is associated with poorer health status and prognosis.[56] Each year, roughly 30,000 Americans take their lives, while hundreds of thousands make suicide attempts (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).[57] In 2004, suicide was the 11th leading cause of death in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), third among individuals ages 15–24. Despite the increasing availability of effectual depression treatment, the level of unmet need for treatment remains high. By way of comparison, a study conducted in Australia during 2006 to 2007 reported that one-third (34.9%) of patients diagnosed with a mental health disorder had been presented to medical health services for treatment.[58] The US has a shortage of mental healthcare workers, contributing to the unmet need for treatment. By 2025, To address this gap, mental health clinics such as David Hoy & Associates are increasingly offering telehealth services, making mental health care more accessible to individuals, particularly in underserved or rural areas.[59] the US will need an additional 15,400 psychiatrists and 57,490 psychologists to meet the demand for treatment.[60]

Middle East and North Africa (SWANA Region)

Israel

In Israel, a Mental Health Insurance Reform took effect in July 2015, transferring responsibility for the provision of mental health services from the Ministry of Health to the four national health plans. Physical and mental health care were united under one roof; previously they had functioned separately in terms of finance, location, and provider. Under the reform, the health plans developed new services or expanded existing ones to address mental health problems.[61]

Palestine

Further information: Mental health in Palestine

Mental health concerns are a significant challenge in Palestine, exacerbated by factors including political conflict, war, and socioeconomic struggles. Khatib et al. writes that, according to the World Health Organization, communities in Palestine are some of the most heavily burdened by mental health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Post-traumatic stress disorders and depressive disorders are particularly common, especially among women, children, and victims of violence. With ongoing violence in Palestine (see: Israeli–Palestinian conflict), mental health conditions are worsening, but mental health services are declining due to destruction of infrastructure and lack of trained professionals.[62]

Iran

Further information: Category:Mental health in Iran

Mental health disorders are a major burden in Iran. According to a literature review conducted by Zandi et al., individuals with a lower socioeconomic status were prone to higher instances of mental health challenges, due to factors such as a lack of access to affordable, quality care. Additionally, minorities and undocumented individuals faced higher rates of poor mental health outcomes, caused by a insufficient access to healthcare. Women are also more vulnerable to mental health disorders because of gender inequalities and power imbalances. Iran's socioeconomic disparities intensify mental health struggles, and healthcare systems are generally under-resourced to support the ongoing, worsening conditions.[63]

Latin America and the Caribbean

In Latin America, there is an overall large deficit of resources available for mental health services, especially in countries undergoing economic stress and even war. The majority of Latin American countries denote less then 2% of their total budget to mental health policies and infrastructure, and approximately 25% of people studied within the region reportedly having mental disorders.[64] However, only 2% of the literature about mental health is about Latin America.[65] Of that 2%, only 4% is represented by people from Latin America.[65] In a study of 214 Latin American and South American psychiatrists, most of them were female and roughly 75% of them were from Uruguay, Venezuela, and Bolivia.[65] A study done by a different source had female and male children and adolescents who lived in urban areas in South America as their participants.[66]

Mexico

Approximately 6.4 million people in Mexico suffer with depression, with an estimated 2.1% of the population suffering with schizophrenia and a little more than 9% suffering with alcoholism. A strong factor contributing these mental health conditions likely the inequality present within the country, with many people constantly stressed about economic disparity.[67] One article claimed suicide is one of the highest causes of death in people of 15-29 years of age.[68] Between 2013 and 2021, the economic budget for mental health decreased by 9.6%, and a vast majority of services went to psychiatric hospitals, which takes mental health resources away from the wider community.[69]

South America

Brazil

The Brazilian Unified National Health System was founded in 1988, an important event signifying the start of Brazil's psychiatric reform. This promoted a large expansion of mental health services in the country, significantly in the late 20th and early 21st century, with Centers for Psychological Care (CAPS) being one, for example.[64] CAPS is an overnight care center that provides a bed and comfort for people experiencing psychological emergencies.

However, following 2011, there has been a large drop in research and expanded community services. A lack of education and research has also accompanied the decline in mental health resources.[64]


Argentina

In different periods of Argentina's history, mental health treatment involved institutionalizing and isolating patients.[70]In 2010, the Argentine Civil Code was established, which has legal guidelines to promote community-based mental health practices.[71]The care of people with mental health challenges, as well as those who use substances, are now guaranteed the right to care.[72]

Treatment gap

In 2019, it was estimated that one in every eight people in the world live with a mental disorder.[73] Although many effective interventions for the treatment of mental disorders are known, and awareness of the need for treatment of people with mental disorders has risen, the proportion of those who need mental health care but who do not receive it remains very high. This so-called "treatment gap" is estimated to reach between 76–85% for low- and middle-income countries, and 35–50% for high-income countries. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, 33.5% of U.S. adults with a serious mental illness and 53.8% of U.S. adults with a mental illness received no treatment for it in the year 2020.[74]

Despite the acknowledged need, for the most part there have not been substantial changes in mental health care delivery during the past years.[75] Main reasons for this problem are public health priorities, lack of a mental health policy and legislation in many countries, a lack of resources – financial and human resources – as well as inefficient resource allocation.[76]

In 2011, the World Health Organization estimated a shortage of 1.18 million mental health professionals, including 55,000 psychiatrists, 628,000 nurses in mental health settings, and 493,000 psychosocial care providers needed to treat mental disorders in 144 low- and middle-income countries. The annual wage bill to remove this health workforce shortage was estimated at about US$4.4 billion.[77]

Interventions

Information and evidence about cost-effective interventions to provide better mental health care are available. Although most of the research (80%) has been carried out in high-income countries, there is also strong evidence from low- and middle-income countries that pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are effective ways to treat mental disorders, with the strongest evidence for depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and hazardous alcohol use.

Recommendations to strengthen mental health systems around the world have been first mentioned in the WHO's World Health Report 2001,[78] which focused on mental health:

  1. Provide treatment in primary care
  2. Make psychotropic drugs available
  3. Give care in the community
  4. Educate the public
  5. Involve communities, families and consumers
  6. Establish national policies, programs and legislation
  7. Develop human resources
  8. Link with other sectors
  9. Monitor community mental health
  10. Support more research

Based on the data of 12 countries, assessed by the WHO Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS),[79] the costs of scaling up mental health services by providing a core treatment package for schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, depressive episodes and hazardous alcohol use have been estimated. Structural changes in mental health systems according to the WHO recommendations have been taken into account.

For most countries, this model suggests an initial period of investment of US$0.30 – 0.50 per person per year. The total expenditure on mental health would have to rise at least ten-fold in low-income countries. In those countries, additional financial resources will be needed, while in middle- and high-income countries the main challenge will be the reallocation of resources within the health system to provide better mental health service.

Telemental health

In low- and middle income countries there is an increasing demand for telepsychiatry which means offering mental health services through telecommunications technology (mostly videoconferencing and phone calls). This is especially pronounced due to the lack of access to quality healthcare, underfunding and low awareness of mental health issues.[80] In a global health context telemental health may offer access to high-quality mental health services for a wider range of people. At the same time there are concerns around data security and challenges regarding proper infrastructure, capacity, access and skills.[81]

Prevention

Prevention is beginning to appear in mental health strategies, including the 2004 WHO report "Prevention of Mental Disorders", the 2008 EU "Pact for Mental Health" and the 2011 US National Prevention Strategy. NIMH or the National Institute of Mental Health has over 400 grants.[82]

Should you have experienced four or more adverse childhood experiences, you're 3.2 to 4.0 times more likely to suffer from depression,[83] as well as from various other health problems.[84]

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) examines the close link of physical and mental health. Not only can mental health disorders increase the risk of physical ailments, but chronic conditions can also lead to higher risks of mental illness. Therefore, addressing both mental and physical health is essential to overall wellbeing.[85]

According to the CDC, there are a number of risk factors that can contribute to developing a mental health disorder. For example, lack of education, limited employment and economic opportunities, social struggles and isolation, and substance use can all increase the risk of developing a mental health condition. Therefore, preventative measures against mental health conditions include fulfilling and healthy social relationships, having access to healthcare and support, and having economic and educational opportunities.[86]

Campaigns

There are many different campaigns that are being run around the world that are trying to help all people with their mental health.  Here some examples of campaigns around the world, from high-level stakeholders:

The Power of Okay[87] is a campaign that is run by a government's funded company in Scotland called "See Me". This campaign is mainly focused on mental health in the workplace. It touches on two sides of the system. One being the individual struggling with mental health and not knowing how, or if they should tell anyone. Two being a staff member seeing their colleague struggling, but not knowing how to bring it up, or being worried about saying the wrong thing. This campaign was made to encourage people to reach out to their colleagues, family members, friends, neighbors, and ask the question, "are you okay?"

Not Myself Today[87] is another campaign that has started and is run in Canada, connected with the European Brain Council (EBC). This campaign is more focused on helping mental health in a workplace setting. It is trying to help companies raise awareness, reduce stigma, and build a supportive community. Not Myself Today is a program that any company can get registered for online. Once registered the company will get a comprehensive Not Myself Today toolkit and member online access. You then can engage in the provided material and evaluation surveys, which help see how the program is impacting your workplace.

Better Health-Every Mind Matters[88] is a campaign that is commissioned by Public Health England (PHE). With this campaign PHE is trying to bring to light the struggles and difficulties that have come after COVID-19. This campaign's goal is to support people to take action to look after their mental health and wellbeing, and to also help support those that are around them. The PHE encourages people to get a free NHS approved mind plan. This can be done by answering five questions through Every Mind Matters website. After answering these questions, you will get a personalized plan with tips to help you with what you are currently struggling with.

Stop The Stigma[89] is a campaign that was started by the Canadian Mental Health association (CAMH). With this campaign CAMH came out with some ads of people talking in their workplace. These ads would have someone of a higher status, like a manager or a boss talking about their employees who had cancer. Instead of talking about it in a sincere and sympathetic way, they would talk about it in the way that most people talk about mental health. They would use phrases like, "Is it just a made-up illness to get out of work?" or "Just take something, stuck it up and get back to work." This just shows how insincere people can be about mental health and puts in perspective that things need to change.

The world health organization (WHO)[90] teamed up with United for Global Mental Health and the World Federation of Mental Health and are campaigning for World Mental Health Day (10 October). With this campaign WHO is looking to host a global online advocacy event on mental health. The United for Global Mental Health group also wants to have a 24-hour march for mental health that has livestreamed content from experts that talk about ways to increase awareness and break down the stigma around mental health.

Stakeholders

World Health Organization (WHO)

Two of WHO's core programmes for mental health are WHO MIND (Mental health improvements for Nations Development) and Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP).

WHO MIND focuses on 5 areas of action to ensure concrete changes in people's daily lives. These are:

  1. Action in and support to countries to improve mental health, such as the WHO Pacific Island Mental Health network (PIMHnet)
  2. Mental health policy, planning and service development
  3. Mental health human rights and legislation
  4. Mental health as a core part of human development
  5. The QualityRights Project which works to unite and empower people to improve the quality of care and promote human rights in mental health facilities and social care homes.

Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) is WHO's action plan to scale up services for mental, neurological and substance use disorders for countries especially with low and lower middle incomes. The aim of mhGAP is to build partnerships for collective action and to reinforce the commitment of governments, international organizations and other stakeholders.

The mhGAP Intervention Guide (mhGAP-IG) was launched in October 2010. It is a technical tool for the management of mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialist health settings. The priority conditions included are: depression, psychosis, bipolar disorders, epilepsy, developmental and behavioural disorders in children and adolescents, dementia, alcohol use disorders, drug use disorders, self-harm/suicide and other significant emotional or medically unexplained complaints.

Criticism

One of the most prominent critics of the Movement for Global Mental Health has been China Mills, author of the book Decolonizing Global Mental Health: The Psychiatrization of the Majority World.

Mills writes that:[8]

This book charts the creeping of psychology and psychiatry across the borders of everyday experience and across geographical borders, as a form of colonialism that comes from within and from outside, swallowed in the form of a pill. It maps an anxious space where socio-economic crises come to be reconfigured as individual crisis – as 'mental illness'; and how potentially violent interventions come to be seen as 'essential' treatment.

Another prominent critic is Ethan Watters, author of Crazy Like Us: The Globalization of the American Psyche.[6] A more constructive approach is offered by Vincenzo Di Nicola whose article on the Global South as an emergent epistemology creates a bridge between critiques of globalization and the initial gaps and limitations of the Global Mental Health movement.[91]

A recent review presents a simple summary outlining the key characteristics of the global mental health landscape and indicating the diversity within the field.[92] This review demonstrates how global mental health is not confined to the local-global debate, which has historically defined it.

See also

References

  1. ^ Patel V, Prince M (May 2010). "Global mental health: a new global health field comes of age". JAMA. 303 (19): 1976–7. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.616. PMC 3432444. PMID 20483977.
  2. ^ Collins, Pamela Y. (October 2020). "What is global mental health?". World Psychiatry. 19 (3): 265–266. doi:10.1002/wps.20728. ISSN 1723-8617. PMC 7491634. PMID 32931115.
  3. ^ Bump, Jesse B. (2025). "Global Health and Its Limitations: An Historical Perspective". Health Systems & Reform. 11 (2) 2478681. doi:10.1080/23288604.2025.2478681. PMID 40202995. Retrieved 2026-03-25.
  4. ^ a b Suman F (2010). Mental health, race and culture (3rd ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-21271-8. OCLC 455800587.
  5. ^ a b Ethan W (2011). Crazy like us. London. ISBN 978-1-84901-577-6. OCLC 751584971.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ a b c d Watters, Ethan (January 8, 2010). The Americanization of Mental Illness. The New York Times.
  7. ^ a b Suman F (11 April 2014). Mental health worldwide: culture, globalization and development. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. ISBN 978-1-137-32958-5. OCLC 869802072.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ a b c Mills, China. Decolonizing Global Mental Health: The Psychiatrization of the Majority World. Retrieved October 17, 2014, from
  9. ^ a b Movement for Global Mental Health Newsletter Archived 2018-09-02 at the Wayback Machine. May 2014.
  10. ^ Cosgrove, Lisa (December 2025). "Addressing the Global Mental Health Crisis: How a Human Rights Approach Can Help End the Search for Pharmaceutical Magic Bullets". Health and Human Rights. 27 (2): 179–188. ISSN 2150-4113. PMC 12799051. PMID 41536709.
  11. ^ Chisholm, Dan; Sanderson, Kristy; Ayuso-Mateos, Jose Luis; Saxena, Shekhar (May 2004). "Reducing the global burden of depression: Population-level analysis of intervention cost-effectiveness in 14 world regions". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 184 (5): 393–403. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.5.393. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 15123502.
  12. ^ Ross, Eric L.; Vijan, Sandeep; Miller, Erin M.; Valenstein, Marcia; Zivin, Kara (2019-12-03). "The Cost-Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Second-Generation Antidepressants for Initial Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in the United States: A Decision Analytic Model". Annals of Internal Medicine. 171 (11): 785–795. doi:10.7326/M18-1480. ISSN 1539-3704. PMC 7188559. PMID 31658472.
  13. ^ Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips MR, Rahman A (September 2007). "No health without mental health". Lancet. 370 (9590): 859–77. Bibcode:2007Lanc..370..859P. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61238-0. PMID 17804063. S2CID 32695269.
  14. ^ Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H (September 2007). "Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency". Lancet. 370 (9590): 878–89. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61239-2. PMID 17804062. S2CID 8916770.
  15. ^ Chisholm D, Flisher AJ, Lund C, Patel V, Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Tomlinson M (October 2007). "Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action". Lancet. 370 (9594): 1241–52. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61242-2. PMID 17804059. S2CID 21045215.
  16. ^ World Health Organization. Global burden of disease. Geneva, WHO Health statistics and health information systems. Accessed 15 March 2011.
  17. ^ World Health Organization: Mental Health and Development: Targeting People with Mental Health Conditions as Vulnerable Group. Accessed 15 March 2011.
  18. ^ "The toll of job loss". www.apa.org. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
  19. ^ admin (2021-10-04). "Depresión, la gran epidemia de hoy". Gaceta UNAM (in Spanish). Retrieved 2026-04-26.
  20. ^ Sanchez, Erika; Nicolini, Humberto; Villatoro, Jorge; Bustos, Marycarmen; Medina-Mora, María Elena; Mejía-Ortiz, Paola; Robles, Beatriz; Mondragón, Diego; Ibarra, Gema; Meza, Daniela; Genis-Mendoza, Alma Delia (2025-08-02). "Current Status of Mental Health in Mexico City". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 22 (8): 1217. doi:10.3390/ijerph22081217. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 12386308. PMID 40869803.
  21. ^ Reynales-Shigematsu, Luz Myriam; Rivera-Rivera, Leonor; Séris-Martínez, Marina; Saenz-de-Miera, Belen (2024-03-13). "A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Parental Behavior and Adolescent Mental Health in Mexico: Insights into Excessive Alcohol Intake, Tobacco Use, Suicidal Behavior, and Depressive Symptomatology". Healthcare. 12 (6): 641. doi:10.3390/healthcare12060641. ISSN 2227-9032. PMC 10970411. PMID 38540607.
  22. ^ OKASHA, AHMED (February 2002). "Mental health in Africa: the role of the WPA". World Psychiatry. 1 (1): 32–35. ISSN 1723-8617. PMC 1489826. PMID 16946819.
  23. ^ a b Gureje O, Alem A (2000). "Mental health policy development in Africa" (PDF). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 78 (4): 475–82. PMC 2560723. PMID 10885166.
  24. ^ a b "Mental illness: Invisible but devastating | Africa Renewal". www.un.org. 25 November 2016. Retrieved 2019-10-15.
  25. ^ Reardon S (March 2015). "Ebola's mental-health wounds linger in Africa". Nature. 519 (7541): 13–4. Bibcode:2015Natur.519...13R. doi:10.1038/519013a. PMID 25739606. S2CID 4405855. ProQuest 1662365135.
  26. ^ Sue D (2017). Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-305-65851-6.
  27. ^ a b c d Sankoh O, Sevalie S, Weston M (September 2018). "Mental health in Africa". The Lancet. Global Health. 6 (9): e954–e955. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30303-6. PMID 30103990.
  28. ^ a b Jacob KS, Sharan P, Mirza I, Garrido-Cumbrera M, Seedat S, Mari JJ, et al. (September 2007). "Mental health systems in countries: where are we now?". Lancet. 370 (9592): 1061–77. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61241-0. PMID 17804052. S2CID 12765072.
  29. ^ "WHO Western Pacific | World Health Organization". www.who.int. Retrieved 2026-04-14.
  30. ^ a b "Regional framework for the future of mental health in the Western Pacific 2023-2030". www.who.int. Retrieved 2026-04-14.
  31. ^ Kõlves, Kairi; Mathieu, Sharna; Fleischmann, Alexandra (2022-02-01). "Suicide and self-harm surveillance across the Western Pacific: A call for action". The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific. 19 100367. doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100367. ISSN 2666-6065. PMC 8733172. PMID 35024672.
  32. ^ a b Long, Jiang; Zhang, Stephanie; Chu, Lingjun; Balkian, Juliet; Giovannucci, Isabel; Mui, Cody; Luan, Yiqun; Chang, Odille; Chanthavilay, Phetsavanh; Goundar, Kartika; Luvsan, Munkh-Erdene; Kennedy, Elissa; Nguyen, Dang; Phoa, Picholas Kian Ann; Ramirez, Caroline Mae (2025-09-01). "Policies, resource allocation, and interventions for child and adolescent mental health in low- and middle-income countries in the Western Pacific Region: a scoping review". The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific. 62 101674. doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101674. ISSN 2666-6065. PMC 12541149. PMID 41132161.
  33. ^ Kessler, Ronald C.; Berglund, Patricia; Demler, Olga; Jin, Robert; Merikangas, Kathleen R.; Walters, Ellen E. (2005-06-01). "Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication". Archives of General Psychiatry. 62 (6): 593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 15939837.
  34. ^ Elder R, Evans K, Nizette D (2012). "Mental Health and Illness in Australia and New Zealand". Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-0-7295-8098-4.
  35. ^ Mental Health and Work: Australia. 2015. doi:10.1787/9789264246591-en. ISBN 978-92-64-24658-4. ISSN 2225-7977.
  36. ^ Safe And Supportive Rehab Facilities
  37. ^ a b c Ishikawa, H.; Kawakami, N.; Kessler, R. C.; the World Mental Health Japan Survey Collaborators (June 2016). "Lifetime and 12-month prevalence, severity and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders in Japan: results from the final dataset of World Mental Health Japan Survey". Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 25 (3): 217–229. doi:10.1017/S2045796015000566. ISSN 2045-7960. PMC 5144586. PMID 26148821. {{cite journal}}: |last4= has generic name (help)
  38. ^ Health (UK), National Collaborating Centre for Mental (2011), "COMMON MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS", Common Mental Health Disorders: Identification and Pathways to Care, British Psychological Society (UK), retrieved 2026-04-14
  39. ^ Ishikawa, Hanako; Tachimori, Hisateru; Takeshima, Tadashi; Umeda, Maki; Miyamoto, Karin; Shimoda, Haruki; Baba, Toshiaki; Kawakami, Norito (December 2018). "Prevalence, treatment, and the correlates of common mental disorders in the mid 2010′s in Japan: The results of the world mental health Japan 2nd survey". Journal of Affective Disorders. 241: 554–562. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.050. PMID 30153639.
  40. ^ a b c Iwatani, Jun; Ito, Junichiro; Taguchi, Yukiko; Akiyama, Tsuyoshi (2022-12-28). "Recent Developments in Community-Based Mental Health Care in Japan: A Narrative Review". Consortium Psychiatricum. 3 (4): 63–74. doi:10.17816/CP199. ISSN 2713-2919. PMC 11262079. PMID 39045581.
  41. ^ a b c d Que, Jianyu; Lu, Lin; Shi, Le (January 2019). "Development and challenges of mental health in China". General Psychiatry. 32 (1) e100053. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2019-100053. ISSN 2096-5923. PMC 6551437. PMID 31179426.
  42. ^ a b Huang, Yueqin; Wang, Yu; Wang, Hong; Liu, Zhaorui; Yu, Xin; Yan, Jie; Yu, Yaqin; Kou, Changgui; Xu, Xiufeng; Lu, Jin; Wang, Zhizhong; He, Shulan; Xu, Yifeng; He, Yanling; Li, Tao (March 2019). "Prevalence of mental disorders in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological study". The Lancet Psychiatry. 6 (3): 211–224. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30511-X. PMID 30792114.
  43. ^ Hossain MD, Ahmed HU, Chowdhury WA, Niessen LW, Alam DS (July 2014). "Mental disorders in Bangladesh: a systematic review". BMC Psychiatry. 14 (1) 216. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0216-9. PMC 4149198. PMID 25073970.
  44. ^ Hosain GM, Chatterjee N, Ara N, Islam T (January 2007). "Prevalence, pattern and determinants of mental disorders in rural Bangladesh". Public Health. 121 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2006.06.018. PMID 17055545.
  45. ^ Giasuddin NA, Chowdhury NF, Hashimoto N, Fujisawa D, Waheed S (January 2012). "Pathways to psychiatric care in Bangladesh". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 47 (1): 129–36. doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0315-y. PMID 21076911. S2CID 21860217.
  46. ^ "India Population (2026)". Worldometer. Retrieved 2026-04-13.
  47. ^ "Mental health - India". www.who.int. Retrieved 2026-04-13.
  48. ^ Meghrajani, Vanee R.; Marathe, Manvi; Sharma, Ritika; Potdukhe, Ashwini; Wanjari, Mayur B.; Taksande, Avinash B. (July 2023). "A Comprehensive Analysis of Mental Health Problems in India and the Role of Mental Asylums". Cureus. 15 (7): e42559. doi:10.7759/cureus.42559. ISSN 2168-8184. PMC 10460242. PMID 37637646.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  49. ^ Malhotra, Savita; Shah, Ruchita (July 2015). "Women and mental health in India: An overview". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 57 (Suppl 2): S205–211. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.161479. ISSN 0019-5545. PMC 4539863. PMID 26330636.
  50. ^ Mental Health Commission of Canada Releases Guidelines for Comprehensive Mental Health Services for Older Adults in Canada, 2011, doi:10.1037/e505332013-001
  51. ^ "Gender and Mental Health" (PDF). World Health Organization. June 2002.
  52. ^ "Mental health: strengthening our response". World Health Organization. August 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  53. ^ "Programs & Clinics". Women's College Hospital. Archived from the original on 2019-08-27. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  54. ^ a b "Who We Are". Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  55. ^ Mark TL, Shern DL, Bagalman JE, Cao Z, et al. (Thomson Healthcare) (29 November 2007). Ranking America's Mental Health: An Analysis of Depression Across the States (Report). Washington, DC: Mental Health America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2008.
  56. ^ Munce SE, Stansfeld SA, Blackmore ER, Stewart DE (November 2007). "The role of depression and chronic pain conditions in absenteeism: results from a national epidemiologic survey". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 49 (11): 1206–11. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e318157f0ba. PMID 17993924. S2CID 38214129.
  57. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2004). "Self-Reported Frequent Mental Distress among Adults – United States". Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 53 (41): 963–966.
  58. ^ Slade T, Johnston A, Oakley Browne MA, Andrews G, Whiteford H (July 2009). "2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: methods and key findings". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 43 (7): 594–605. doi:10.1080/00048670902970882. PMID 19530016. S2CID 23089861.
  59. ^ "David Hoy Mental Health Clinic". David Hoy Mental Health Clinic. Retrieved 2025-12-16.
  60. ^ Purtle J, Nelson KL, Counts NZ, Yudell M (April 2020). "Population-Based Approaches to Mental Health: History, Strategies, and Evidence". Annual Review of Public Health. 41 (1): 201–221. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094247. PMC 8896325. PMID 31905323.
  61. ^ Yael Ashkenazi, Yoav Loeff, Rina Maoz Breuer, and Hava Tabenkin. The Involvement of Primary Care Physicians in Mental Health Care Following the Implementation of the Mental Health Reform. Jerusalem: Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute (2018).
  62. ^ Khatib, Salam; Alwawi, Abdallah; Elissa, Kawther (2025), Al-Huseini, Salim; Arafat, S. M. Yasir (eds.), "Mental Health Care in Palestine", Mental Health Care in the Middle East, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 209–232, doi:10.1007/978-981-95-0461-9_10, ISBN 978-981-95-0461-9, retrieved 2026-04-14{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  63. ^ Zandi, Saeid; Oghani-Esfahani, Farnoosh; Ahmadi, Fereshteh; Sabbaghi-Dehkalani, Roqayyeh; Akhavan, Sharareh (2025-12-01). "Mental Health and Mental Health Care in Iran: Addressing Social Inequalities". Healthcare. 13 (23): 3131. doi:10.3390/healthcare13233131. ISSN 2227-9032. PMC 12692221. PMID 41373348.
  64. ^ a b c Onocko-Campos, Rosana Teresa (2019). "Saúde mental no Brasil: avanços, retrocessos e desafios". Cadernos de Saúde Pública (in Portuguese). 35 (11) e00156119. doi:10.1590/0102-311X00156119. ISSN 0102-311X. PMID 31691783.
  65. ^ a b c Ramalho, Rodrigo; Chappe, Vanessa; Alvarez, Lisette; Argomedo-Ramos, Gianfranco C.A.; Rivera Arroyo, Guillermo; Bonay, Graciela L.; Libuy Mena, Javiera C.; Cuellar Hoppe, Miguel A.; Cevallos-Robalino, Domenica N.; Gonzalez-Diaz, Jairo M. (2023). "Mental health research in South America: Psychiatrists and psychiatry trainees' perceived resources and barriers". Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health. 10 e66. doi:10.1017/gmh.2023.58. ISSN 2054-4251. PMC 10643233. PMID 38024802.
  66. ^ Gómez-Restrepo, Carlos; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; Brusco, Luis Ignacio; Jassir Acosta, Maria Paula; Olivar, Natividad; Carbonetti, Fernando Luis; Hidalgo-Padilla, Liliana; Toyama, Mauricio; Uribe-Restrepo, José Miguel; Rodríguez Malagon, Nelcy; Niño-Torres, David; Godoy Casasbuenas, Natalia; Stanislaus Sureshkumar, Diliniya; Fung, Catherine; Bird, Victoria (2025-03-05). "Mental Distress Among Youths in Low-Income Urban Areas in South America". JAMA Network Open. 8 (3): e250122. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.0122. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 11883490. PMID 40042842.
  67. ^ Berenzon, Shoshana; Sentíes, Héctor; Medina-Mora, Elena (October 2009). "Mental health services in Mexico". International Psychiatry. 6 (4): 93–95. doi:10.1192/S1749367600000783. ISSN 1749-3676. PMC 6734893. PMID 31508009.
  68. ^ "ClinicalKey". www.clinicalkey.com. Retrieved 2026-04-26.
  69. ^ Ambe-Cohen, Regina; Bernal-Serrano, Daniel; Biermann, Olivia; Shawar, Yusra Ribhi; Aranda-Remon, Zeus (2025-12-01). "Political priority of adolescent mental health in Mexico: An exploratory mixed-methods study". Public Health. 249 105985. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2025.105985. ISSN 0033-3506. PMID 41110403.
  70. ^ Carlos, Saguinetti; Gustavo H, Marin; Natalia, Herrera; Oscar, Molteni; Sofia, Milito; Cinthia, Molinero; Ana, Posse; Jesica, Riquelme; Manuel, Rodriguez; Jimena, Amadeo; Lucia, Belauzaran; Natalia, Cejas; Olivi Matías, Gonzalez; Gabriela, Kess; Noelia, López (2016). "Mental health in Argentina: interdisciplinary program based in community care". Contemporary Behavioral Health Care. 2 (1). doi:10.15761/CBHC.1000111. ISSN 2058-8690.
  71. ^ Carlos, Saguinetti; Gustavo H, Marin; Natalia, Herrera; Oscar, Molteni; Sofia, Milito; Cinthia, Molinero; Ana, Posse; Jesica, Riquelme; Manuel, Rodriguez; Jimena, Amadeo; Lucia, Belauzaran; Natalia, Cejas; Olivi Matías, Gonzalez; Gabriela, Kess; Noelia, López (2016). "Mental health in Argentina: interdisciplinary program based in community care". Contemporary Behavioral Health Care. 2 (1). doi:10.15761/CBHC.1000111.
  72. ^ Carlos, Saguinetti; Gustavo H, Marin; Natalia, Herrera; Oscar, Molteni; Sofia, Milito; Cinthia, Molinero; Ana, Posse; Jesica, Riquelme; Manuel, Rodriguez; Jimena, Amadeo; Lucia, Belauzaran; Natalia, Cejas; Olivi Matías, Gonzalez; Gabriela, Kess; Noelia, López (2016). "Mental health in Argentina: interdisciplinary program based in community care". Contemporary Behavioral Health Care. 2 (1). doi:10.15761/CBHC.1000111.
  73. ^ "Mental disorders". www.who.int. Retrieved 2025-03-06.
  74. ^ "Mental Health By the Numbers | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness". 2022-11-30. Archived from the original on 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  75. ^ Turekian V (2014-06-23). "Mental Health Diplomacy". Science & Diplomacy. 3 (2).
  76. ^ Saraceno B, van Ommeren M, Batniji R, Cohen A, Gureje O, Mahoney J, et al. (September 2007). "Barriers to improvement of mental health services in low-income and middle-income countries". Lancet. 370 (9593): 1164–74. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61263-X. PMID 17804061. S2CID 20954187.
  77. ^ Scheffler RM et al. (2011). Human resources for mental health: workforce shortages in low- and middle-income countries. Geneva, World Health Organization Press.
  78. ^ World Health Organization. (2001) The world health report 2001 – Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope. Geneva, WHO Press.
  79. ^ World Health Organization: Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems. Accessed 15 March 2011.
  80. ^ Acharibasam, Jeremiah W.; Wynn, Rolf (2018-11-01). "Telemental Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review". International Journal of Telemedicine and Applications. 2018: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2018/9602821. ISSN 1687-6415. PMC 6241375. PMID 30519259.
  81. ^ Mahmoud, Kareem; Jaramillo, Catalina; Barteit, Sandra (2022-06-22). "Telemedicine in Low- and Middle-Income Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review". Frontiers in Public Health. 10 914423. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.914423. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 9257012. PMID 35812479.
  82. ^ "NIMH » Research Areas". www.nimh.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  83. ^ Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, et al. (April 2006). "The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 256 (3): 174–186. doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4. PMC 3232061. PMID 16311898.
  84. ^ National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (2020). "Adverse Childhood Experiences Prevention Strategy" (PDF).
  85. ^ CDC (2025-12-11). "About Mental Health". Mental Health. Retrieved 2026-04-15.
  86. ^ CDC (2025-12-11). "About Mental Health". Mental Health. Retrieved 2026-04-15.
  87. ^ a b "Now you see me", The Politics of Islamophobia, Pluto Press, pp. 41–59, doi:10.2307/j.ctt183pdtq.6, S2CID 73313498
  88. ^ "Welcome to GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 2023-04-13.
  89. ^ Marniemi, J.; Parkki, M. G. (1975-09-01). "Radiochemical assay of glutathione S-epoxide transferase and its enhancement by phenobarbital in rat liver in vivo". Biochemical Pharmacology. 24 (17): 1569–1572. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(75)90080-5. ISSN 0006-2952. PMID 9.
  90. ^ McMillan, Ian (October 1997). "HEA grants promote positive action for world mental health day". Mental Health Practice. 1 (2): 5–6. doi:10.7748/mhp.1.2.5.s7. ISSN 1465-8720.
  91. ^ Di Nicola V (2020). "The Global South: An Emergent Epistemology for Social Psychiatry". World Social Psychiatry. 2 (1): 20–26. doi:10.4103/WSP.WSP_1_20.
  92. ^ Rajabzadeh, Vian (March 23, 2021). [1]. Retrieved September 29, 2021]

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.