Gran Chaco people

"Chaco (tribe)" redirects here. For the people of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, see Chaco Culture National Historical Park § Ancestral Puebloans.
Gran Chaco people
Area of the Gran Chaco
Total population
300,000 (est. 2010)
Regions with significant populations
Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
Languages
See text
Religion
traditional tribal religion, Catholicism, Protestantism, atheism

The indigenous Gran Chaco people consist of approximately thirty-five tribal groups in the Gran Chaco of South America. Because, like the Great Plains of North America, the terrain lent itself to a nomadic lifestyle, there is little to no archaeological evidence of their prehistoric occupation. Contributing to this near-absence of archaeological data is the lack of suitable raw material for stone tools or permanent construction and soil conditions that are not conducive to the preservation of organic material.[1][2]

Geography

The actual cultural area of the Gran Chaco peoples differs from that of the geographic Gran Chaco. The northwestern boundary of the cultural area is the Parapetí River and the marshes of the Bañados de Izozog depression, beyond which were the lands of the culturally unrelated Chané and Chiriguano. The cultural boundaries have not been static, even during historical times. In the late 17th century the area expanded to the east across the Paraguay River, when the Mbayá invaded the lands between the Apa River and the Miranda River in Mato Grosso do Sul province in Brazil.[3]

Languages

The tribal groups of the Gran Chaco fall into six language families:[4]

  1. Matacoan languages or Mataco-maká (Wichí languages, Chorote languages, Nivaclé languages and the Maká language)
  2. Guaicuruan languages
  3. Lule–Vilela languages
  4. Mascoian languages
  5. Zamucoan languages
  6. Tupi–Guarani languages

Many of the languages are part of a Chaco linguistic area. Common Chaco areal features include SVO word order and active-stative verb alignment.[5] (See also Mataco–Guaicuru languages.)

History

Main articles: Napalpí massacre and Rincón Bomba massacre

The modern history of the Gran Chaco peoples is one of marginalization[6] and outright genocide.[7][8][9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Combes, Villar & Lowrey 2009, p. 71
  2. ^ Calandra, Horacio Adolfo; Salceda, Susana Alicia (2008). "Cambio y continuidad en el Gran Chaco: De las historias étnicas a la prehistoria". In Braunstein, José; Meichtry, Norma C. (eds.). Liderazgo, representatividad y control social en el Gran Chaco. Corrientes, Argentina: Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. pp. 31–38 [32–33]. ISBN 978-950-656-116-1.
  3. ^ Métraux 1946, p. 197
  4. ^ Combes, Villar & Lowrey 2009, p. 69
  5. ^ Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, Verónica (2012). "Languages of the Chaco and Southern Cone". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 625–668. ISBN 9783110255133.
  6. ^ Stunnenberg 1993, p. through out
  7. ^ Salamanca, Carlos (2008). "De las fosas al panteón: contrasentidos en las honras de los indios revividos" (PDF). Revista Colombiana de Antropología (in Spanish). 44 (1): 7–39. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2021.
  8. ^ Pellegrini, Brian (3 March 2020). "Masacre de Rincón Bomba: la justicia federal confirmó que se trató de un "genocidio" contra indígenas pilagá" [Rincón Bomba Massacre: Federal justice confirmed it was a "genocide" against the Pilagá indigenous people] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 July 2021.
  9. ^ Alvado, María Alicia (29 April 2023). "Una metodología del exterminio: las masacres de Rincón Bomba y Napalpí" [A methodology of extermination: the Rincón Bomba and Napalpí massacres] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2023.

Bibliography

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.