Iris junonia

Iris junonia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Iris
Species:
I. junonia
Binomial name
Iris junonia
Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Karl Georg Theodor Kotschy
Synonyms[1]

Iris purpureobractea

Iris junonia is a plant species in the genus Iris and the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, found in parts of Turkey. It has short, glaucous, and straight- or falcate-shaped leaves, tall stems with several branches, numerous or up to eight flowers in various colours from blue, blue-purple, lavender, pale blue, cream, white, to yellow, with brown veining and white tipped orange beards. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. Its status is still unclear; it is unclear if it is a synonym of Iris germanica or a separate species.

Description

Iris junonia has short, broad rhizomes and a few long secondary roots that can form clumps of plants.[2][3] It has a style branch that is 3–4 cm (1–2 in) long and 1.2–1.6 cm (0–1 in) wide.[4]

The iris has straight or slightly falcate (sickle-shaped), grey-green, glaucous, and sheathing leaves[2][5][4] that can grow up to between 12 and 38 cm (5 and 15 in) long,[2][6] and between 3 and 5 cm (1 and 2 in) wide.[7] It is herbaceous—its leaves die in and remain dormant during the winter, before re-growing in the spring.[6][4] In the Iris purpureobractea variety, the base of the leaves is purple violet.[8] They can grow up to between 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long,[8][4] and between 1.5 and 2.5 cm wide.[3][4]

Iris junonia is a tall growing species,[9] with a slender and stiff stem,[5] or peduncle, that can grow up to between 20 and 65 cm (8 and 26 in) tall.[10][11][7][6][5][12][3] The stem has several (normally 2–4) lateral branches, or pedicels.[6][13][14] The lower branches are 2–6 cm (1–2 in) long and the upper branches are sessile.[4] The stem has obtuse or rounded,[4] inflated,[4] spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which are green, 2–7.6 cm (1–3 in) long, and scarious above.[6][4] In the Iris purpureobractea variety, the spathes are very heavily stained purple;[3][13][11] hence, the name Iris purpureobractea.[12] The stem (and many branches) can hold up to 7 flowers,[15] between May and June[2][6] or (rarely) July.[12]

The flowers are chunky[5] and 4–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter.[8] They come in various colours, including blue-purple,[15][16]: 125 [5] lavender,[6] pale blue,[5][17] white,[2][7][5][11] cream,[5][7] or yellow,[11][17][5] The flowers of Iris purpureobractea are variable in colour[4] and come in shades of blue or yellow.[14][11][12] The blue ranges from purple,[12] lavender,[8] ice-blue,[14][18][12] and pale blue.[3][4][13] The yellow ranges from white,[8] off-white,[13] to pale yellow,[8][4][12][3] straw yellow,[14] tan,[14] pale brown.[12] There are occasionally blended or bi-toned flowers, such as white and purple forms.[13] The blue forms have a darker centre patch,[4] or are veined with purple.[8][3] The yellow forms can be pale yellow with greenish-brown veining,[3][4] and have bracts that are not so intensely purple stained.[18]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals: 3 large sepals (outer petals known as the "falls") and 3 smaller tepals (inner petals known as the "standards").[16]: 17  The falls are obovate shaped and cuneate (wedge) shaped at the base. They are 5.2–6 cm (2–2 in) long[12] and between 2.8–3.5 cm (1–1 in) wide.[4] In the centre of the falls are beards, a rows of small thick hairs, which is white and tipped with yellow[4] or orange.[6][16]: 125 [17] The standards are obovate (shaped) with a narrow claw (section of the petal closest to the stem), they are 5–6.5 cm (2–3 in) long,[12] and between 2.5–4 cm (1–2 in) wide.[4] The hafts (the section of petal closest to the stem) are white with brown-purple[10] or brown veins.[15][16]: 125 

After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong seed capsule 5 cm (2 in) long and 1.5 cm (1 in) wide.[4] Inside the capsule are seeds (called pollen) that are 121 long x 123 wide (in microns).[19]

Genetics

In 1989, a karyological study was carried out on 4 iris species in Turkey, including Iris junonia. It found the chromosome counts of the iris species, and Iris junonia was counted as 2n = 4x = 48. It was also found that Iris purpureobractea has a complex karyology and plant morphology.[20] As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[16]: 18  Iris junonia was found to be tetraploid[5] and had a count of 2n = 48.[5][11][13] Iris purpureobractea is a diploid,[21] and has a count of 2n = 48.[8][13][14] It has also been recorded as 2n = 24, 48, 49, and 72.[4][20]

Taxonomy

Iris junonia is also known as 'Iris junoninana' or 'Iris pallida junonia', especially in Europe.[2][22] The Latin specific epithet junonia refers to the Roman goddess Juno,[23] although it is not known exactly how the plant was named.[6]

Specimens were found by Walter Siehe (1859–1928) of Mersina[24] in the Turkish mountains, who sent them to Johann Nicolaus Haage and Johann Christoph Schmidt of Erfurt, in Germany.[6] The plant was first published and described in 1864, by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Karl Georg Theodor Kotschy in Österreichisches Botanisches Wochenblatt (in Vienna).[25][26]

The origins of Iris junonia have been frequently debated and discussed.[16]: 125  Some believe that it could be considered a form of Iris pallida; hence, it is sometimes known as Iris pallida junonia.[2] It could also be a small form of Iris mesopotamica.[15] Brian Mathews (in 1981) considered Iris junonia, among seveeral other irises, to be "doubtfully wild" and probable forms of Iris × germanica.[27] William Rickatson Dykes (1877–1925) was unsure if any true plants were still in cultivation.[6]

Iris junonia was listed by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service as a synonym of Iris pallida Lam. on 4 April 2003; it was updated on 1 December 2004.[26] It is also listed in the Encyclopedia of Life[28] and the Catalogue of Life.[29] Iris junonia is a tentatively accepted name by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS).[30]

Iris purpureobractea

The Latin specific epithet purpureobractea is the purple bracts of the iris.[12][21][31] The plant was collected on Honaz Dag, by Asuman Baytop of Istanbul University,[4] and was first published and described by Brian Mathew and Baytop in 1982.[4][32][26] It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.[33] Iris purpureobractea is a 'tentatively' accepted name by the RHS.[34]

Distribution and habitat

Distribution

Iris junonia is a rare plant, with only a few wild colonies.[8] It is native to temperate areas of Asia minor.[6][9][26] It is endemic[35] to Turkey[11][34][32][26] (especially in the north, northwest,[18] west, and southwest,[36][13][14] within the provinces of Sakararya, Usak, and Bolu).[4][36] It has also been found in the Eastern Anatolia region (with Iris taochia and Iris schachtii),[13] on Honaz Mountain[3] in Denizli Province, in the Taurus Mountains in Cilicia,[5][15][6][17][11][10][16]: 125 [30][37] and in the Adana and Içel provinces of Turkey.[4] It is endemic to Sicilian Taurus (a hill for which the city of Taormina was named).[17]

Habitat

The plant grows in dry areas,[37] on mountains (made of volcanic rock[4]), in scrublands,[4] on rock slopes, on cliff sides, or on plateaus,[12] within open glades in forests.[3][4][38] Iris junonia can be found at an altitude of 60–1,600 m (200–5,250 ft) above sea level.[3][4][12]

Cultivation

Iris junonia is hardy to close to −15 °C (5 °F).[3] It is hardy enough to grow in France,[39] but not fully hardy in the United Kingdom.[15] It prefers to grow in well-drained soils containing limestone, in dry locations, and in full sun.[8][3] It can be grown in rock gardens,[8] but can be damaged by slugs and aphids.[8] It can also be prone to rhizome rot.[15] William Rickatson Dykes recommends a planting time of between August and September.[6]

Irises can generally be propagated by division[40] or seed growing. Iris junonia can be used in hybridization, used like Iris aphylla. It can be crossed with various other bearded irises,[13] and can be crossed with other iris species (such as Iris pumila and Regelia section irises) to produce fertile offspring.[13] Dykes believed that Iris junonia had potential in breeding programmes to create plants with tall stems and large flowers.[41]

Culture

In 2002, Mozambique released a postage stamps showing an illustration of the iris as part of a set of stamps about flora.[42] In 2013, a study was carried out on the cultural conditions of Iris species in Turkey.[43]

References

  1. ^ "Iris junonia Schott is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Chapter I Rhizomatous Iris (part 2)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 190. ISBN 9780330327749.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Pries, Bob (12 June 2014). "(SPEC) Iris purpureobractea Mathew & Baytop". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kramb, D. (5 September 2003). "Iris junonia". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 247, at Google Books
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Chapter I Rhizomatous Iris (part 2)". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  9. ^ a b U.S. Department of Agriculture Office of Information Farmers' Bulletin, Issues 1401–1425 (1928) , p. 16, at Google Books
  10. ^ a b c Laurin, Terry (22 October 2014). "(SPEC) Iris junonia Schott & Kotschy". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Endemic Turkish Plants" (PDF). explorecomenius.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Waters, Tom (October 2010). "A Hybridizer's Guide to Bearded Species". telp.com. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g Kramb, D. (5 September 2004). "Iris purpureobractea". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881927306.
  17. ^ a b c d e Kelly Norris A Guide to Bearded Irises: Cultivating the Rainbow for Beginners and Enthusiasts (2012) , p. 117, at Google Books
  18. ^ a b c British Iris Society (1997)A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 48-49, at Google Books
  19. ^ Donmez, Emel Oybak; Isik, Serap (24 April 2008). "Pollen morphology of Turkish Amaryllidaceae, Ixioliriaceae and Iridaceae". Grana. 47 (1): 15–38. Bibcode:2008Grana..47...15O. doi:10.1080/00173130701860104. S2CID 85120306.
  20. ^ a b Koca, F. (1989). "Karyological studies on four endemic iris spp section iris in Turkey". Istanbul Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Mecmuasi. 25: 1–16. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  21. ^ a b Kelly Norris A Guide to Bearded Irises: Cultivating the Rainbow for Beginners and Enthusiasts, p. 344, at Google Books
  22. ^ "Justs Botanischer Jahresbericht" (in German). forgottenbooks.com. p. 3. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  23. ^ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants at Google Books
  24. ^ "Siehe, Walter (1859–1928)". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  25. ^ Iridaceae Iris junonia Schott & Kotschy ex Schott. Vol. 4. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  26. ^ a b c d e "Iris junonia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  27. ^ George Gessert Green Light: Toward an Art of Evolution (2010), p. 154, at Google Books
  28. ^ "Iris junonia". eol.org. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  29. ^ "Species details : Iris junonia Schott". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  30. ^ a b "Iris junonia". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  31. ^ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 321, at Google Books
  32. ^ a b "Iridaceae Iris purpureobractea B.Mathew & T.Baytop". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  33. ^ "Iris purpureobractea". eol.org. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  34. ^ a b "Iris purpureobractea". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  35. ^ İkİncİ, Nursel (2011). "Gamma-diversity of vascular plant taxa of the surrounding of Lake Sünnet (Bolu, NW Turkey) compared with other regions in Bolu". Biological Diversity and Conservation. 4 (1): 107–121. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  36. ^ a b "Iris purpureobractea" (in Turkish). agaclar.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  37. ^ a b Kaššák, Pavol (2012). "Secondary Metabolites Of The Choosen [sic] Genus Iris Species" (PDF). Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendel. Brun. 32 (8): 269–280. doi:10.11118/actaun201260080269. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  38. ^ Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide, p. 68, at Google Books
  39. ^ "January 2014 – A talk on Mediterranean geophytes by John Fielding". mediterraneangardensocietyfrance.com. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  40. ^ "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  41. ^ Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  42. ^ "Country / Post Mozambique". wnsstamps.post. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  43. ^ Erken, K.; Gülbağ, F.; Erken, S.; Kaya, E. (2013). "The Adaptation Of Turkish Iris L. Species To The Cultural Conditions". Acta Horticulturae (1002): 1002–1018. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.1002.18. Retrieved 21 October 2015.

Sources

  • Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
  • Huxley, A.J. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening. Vol. 1–4. London p.(2) 674
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 30, 26–27, 38..
  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Iris junonia at Wikimedia Commons
  • Wikispecies logo Data related to Iris junonia at Wikispecies
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