List of coups and coup attempts

General Bonaparte during the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire in Saint-Cloud, detail of painting by François Bouchot, 1840

A coup d'état, often abbreviated to coup, is the overthrow of a lawful government through illegal means. If force or violence are not involved, such an event is sometimes called a soft or bloodless coup. In another variation known as a self-coup, a ruler who came to power through legal means may try to stay in power through illegal means, thus preventing the next legal ruler from taking power. This is a chronological list of such coups and coup attempts, from ancient times to the present.

BC

The assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BC), as depicted by Vincenzo Camuccini

1–999

As-Saffah is proclaimed as the first Abbasid caliph, from Balami's Tarikhnama

1000–1699

General Yi Seong-gye, later crowned Taejo of Joseon

1700–1799

Patrona Halil rebellion; painting by Jean Baptiste Vanmour

1800–1899

Execution of Claude François de Malet and his co-conspirators on 29 October 1812 following the Malet coup in France

1800

1804

1807

1808

1809

1811

  • Figueroa mutiny
  • Chile: José Miguel Carrera first coup d'état (4 September 1811). Known as the first successful coup d'état in the history of Chile.

1812

1815

1820

1822

1823

The caudillo Antonio López de Santa Anna was involved in several coups in early post-independence Mexico.

1824

1827

1828

1829

1832

1834

1836

1837

1839

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1851

  • Portugal: Revolt of João Carlos de Saldanha (beginning of Regeneração)
  • 1851 Nicaraguan coup d'état: On August 4, a military coup by José Trinidad Muñoz expels Supreme Director Laureano Pineda to Honduras. However, a Honduran-backed campaign restores Pineda to power in Nicaragua that same year.
  • 1851 French coup d'état: On December 2, President of France Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte launches a self-coup by dissolving the Assembly and became the sole ruler of the country. In the following year, he restored the Empire by referendum.

1852

1853

1854

1857

1861

1864

  • Bolivia: Mariano Melgarejo rose up against José María de Achá and defeated his forces and those of Manuel Isidoro Belzu, who was also attempting to return to power. Melgarejo declared himself President of Bolivia.

1866

1867

1868

1870

1871

1872

  • A Pavorosa in Portugal: a planned putsch by the Count of Peniche Caetano Gaspar de Almeida e Noronha is detected by the Portuguese authorities led by Fontes Pereira de Melo
  • Gutiérrez Brothers' rebellion in Peru

1874

1876

1879

  • Bolivia: Hilarión Daza was deposed while fighting in the War of the Pacific.

1884

  • Gapsin Coup in Korea: The Japanese-supported Gaehwa Party attempts to overthrow Joseon government, but is suppressed.

1885

  • 1885 Nepal coup d'état

1886

  • 1886 Bulgarian coup d'état

1889

1891

1893

1895

1896

1898

1899

1900–1919

1900

  • 1900 Colombian coup d'état

1901

1902

  • 1902 Paraguayan coup d'état: Caballerista coup led by Juan Antonio Escurra overthrew Emilio Aceval, who is replaced by interim president Andrés Héctor Carvallo.[34]
  • 1902 Dominican coup d'état: Vice President Horacio Vásquez overthrew President Juan Isidro Jimenes.[35]

1903

1904

1905

  • 1905 Dominican self-coup attempt: On 24 December, Carlos Morales Languasco plans a self-coup, but only a fraction of Dominican forces had arrived following his order. The plot is discovered by the President's opponents, which leads to Languasco's resignation.[40]

1906

  • 1906 Ecuadorian coup d'état: Under the pretext of saving the Ecuadorian Liberal Revolution, Eloy Alfaro launches a coup against Lizardo García.[41]

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

Citizens throng around The Citadel (La ciudadela) building during La decena tragica in 1913

1914

1915

1916

  • Ethiopia: While touring the city of Harar, Lij Iyasu was deposed by a cabal of aristocrats in favor of his aunt Zewditu. Forces loyal to him were defeated at Segale, and Lij Iyasu wandered northwestern Ethiopia with a small band of loyal followers until captured five years later.

1917

1918

1919

1920–1929

Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch trial. Ludendorff is fifth from the left, with Hitler to the right. Ernst Röhm is to the right and in front of Hitler. Note that only two of the defendants, Hitler and Frick, were dressed in civilian clothing.

1920

1921

1922

Benito Mussolini and Fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922. Mussolini stayed out of most of the march.

1923

  • Spain: Miguel Primo de Rivera installed a dictatorship in Spain without overthrowing King Alfonso XIII.
  • 1923 Bulgarian coup d'état: The military, under the control of General Ivan Valkov, overthrew the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union government of Aleksandar Stamboliyski and installed one headed by Aleksandar Tsankov.
    • September uprising (14–29 September 1923). The September Uprising (Bulgarian: Септемврийско въстание, Septemvriysko vastanie) was an armed insurgency staged in September 1923 by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) under Comintern pressure and attempted to overthrow Alexander Tsankov's new government of Bulgaria that had come to power with the coup d'état of 9 June. Besides its communist base, the uprising was also supported by agrarians and anarchists. The uprising's goal was the "establishment of a government of workers and peasants" in Bulgaria.
  • Beer Hall Putsch in Germany: A failed coup was attempted by Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler in Germany against the leaders of the Weimar Republic. The Nazis were repelled by police, and Hitler was later charged with treason.
  • Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup attempt in Greece: Pro-royalist military officers attempted to stage a coup, and successfully took control of much of the Greek mainland. However, the government rallied its forces, and leaders Georgios Leonardopoulos and Panagiotis Gargalidis were ultimately surrounded and forced to surrender.

1924

1925

1926

Józef Piłsudski and other leaders of the May Coup (1926) on Poniatowski Bridge in Warsaw

1928

1929

  • 1929 Spanish coup d'état: a failed coup against the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
  • 1929 Tuvan coup d'état in the Tuvan People's Republic: Five Tuvan youths supported by the Soviet Union successfully overthrew the government, and one of them, Salchak Toka, became supreme ruler.

1930–1939

1930

1931

  • 1931 Panamanian coup d'état: On January 2, members of Acción Comunal led a coup that overthrew President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena.[47]
  • March Incident in Japan: The radical, ultranationalist Sakurakai secret society attempted to start large-scale riots in Tokyo, which instigators hoped would lead to martial law and then a coup d'état by the Imperial Japanese Army. Two attempts to start riots failed, and the leaders of the plot were arrested.
  • October incident in Japan: The Sakurakai again plotted a coup, this time to be instigated by assassinations of key statesmen and officials. The plot was foiled by some of the plotters abandoning the effort, and leaks that reached the War Minister of Japan.
  • 1931 Salvadoran coup d'état: On 2 December, Arturo Araujo was overthrown by Maximiliano Hernández Martínez.

1932

March in support of the proclamation of the Socialist Republic of Chile, in front of La Moneda Palace (12 June 1932)

1933

1934

1935

1936

1st Lt. Nibu Masatada and his rebel troops in the 26 February Incident of 1936

1937

  • France: A Cagoulard plot to install a pro-Nazi government was foiled by French police.
  • Bolivia: Dissatisfied with the speed of new reforms, Germán Busch led a popular movement which secured the resignation of David Toro.
  • 1937 Brazilian coup d'état: President Getúlio Vargas, governing democratically since 1934, launched a self-coup and became the Dictator of the Brazilian Estado Novo ("New State").

1938

1939

1940–1949

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

The conference room where Hitler survived the 20 July plot of 1944 after the explosion

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950–1959

1950

  • APRA coup d'état in Indonesia

1951

  • 1951 Panamanian coup d'état: In a second coup, Arnulfo Arias was overthrown following a popular uprising supported by Panama's National Guard.[47]
  • Manhattan Rebellion in Thailand: A coup attempt by officers of the Royal Thai Navy against the government of Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram failed on 29–30 June.
  • Silent Coup (also called the Radio Coup) in Thailand: The Army-led National Military Council announced the dissolution of parliament, reinstatement of the 1932 constitution, and formation of a provisional government on 29 November.
  • Rawalpindi conspiracy in Pakistan: There was an unsuccessful coup attempt, planned by Major-General Akbar Khan of the Pakistani army against the government of Liaquat Ali Khan.
  • Argentina: A military coup attempt against Juan Perón was unsuccessful.
  • Bolivia: President Mamerto Urriolagoitía enacted a self-coup, known as the Mamertazo, and resigned in favor of General Hugo Ballivián in order to prevent elected reformist Víctor Paz Estenssoro from taking office.

1952

1953

Events of the 1953 Iranian coup d'état

1954

1955

  • Brazil: A counter-coup led by marshal Henrique Teixeira Lott overthrew the government of Carlos Luz and prevented a coup against the elected president Juscelino Kubitschek.
  • Revolución Libertadora in Argentina: A military coup overthrew President Juan Perón.
  • Yemen: An attempted coup was led by Colonel Ahmad Yahya al-Thulaya, but ended in failure.

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960–1969

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

  • Coup d'état of 21 April in Greece: A group of colonels overthrew the caretaker government a month before scheduled elections which Georgios Papandreou's Centre Union was favoured to win.
  • Operation Guitar Boy in Ghana: A coup attempt led by a group of junior officers of the Ghana Armed Forces resulted in the assassination of Lieutenant General Emmanuel Kwasi Kotoka, Ghana's Chief of the Defence Staff. However, the coup itself was unsuccessful.
  • 1967 Togolese coup d'état: In a bloodless coup, Gnassingbé Eyadéma overthrew Nicolas Grunitzky and began a 38-year rule.
  • 1967 coups in Sierra Leone: On 21 March, Brigadier David Lansana led a bloodless military coup against Prime Minister Siaka Stevens, who had taken office hours earlier after a closely contested election. Lansana declared himself interim leader, placing Stevens under house arrest and later releasing him, at which point Stevens went into exile. On 23 March, Brigadier Andrew Juxon-Smith led a group of military officers to seize control of the government, arrest Lansana, and suspend the constitution. They established the National Reformation Council and made Juxon-Smith the chairman.
  • Biafra: Biafran Army colonel Victor Banjo plotted a coup against Biafran President Odumegwu Ojukwu. The coup plot was uncovered by an informant, and Banjo and two other conspirators were executed on 22 September.
  • 1967 North Yemen coup d'état: In November, a coup in the Yemen Arab Republic led to the removal of Abdullah al-Sallal.[65]
  • Transition to the New Order in Indonesia: Suharto overthrew Sukarno in a long and gradual military coup process, beginning the New Order and Suharto's 31-year presidency.
  • Kapsan faction incident: Pak Kum-chol failed to overthrow Kim Il Sung.

1968

1969

1970–1979

1970

  • Black Prince conspiracy in Libya
  • Corrective Revolution in Syria: Hafez al-Assad overthrew the government of Salah Jadid in a bloodless coup.
  • Bolivia: A junta of commanders of the Bolivian army enact a coup, but the highly polarized military forces were split. President Alfredo Ovando Candía sought asylum in a foreign embassy, believing all hope was lost, but leftist military forces reasserted control under the leadership of General Juan José Torres. Embarrassed by his quick abandonment of the fight and exhausted by a grueling 13 months in office, Ovando agreed to leave the presidency in Torres's hands.
  • 1970 Haitian coup attempt: An attempted against François Duvalier was led by Octave Cayard.
  • 1970 Omani coup d'état: Qaboos bin Said, with the support of the British, ousted his father Said bin Taimur in a bloodless coup during the Dhofar Rebellion.
  • Golpe Borghese (Borghese Coup) in Italy: A coup plot in Italy by neo-fascist groups failed to materialize.
  • Mishima Incident in Japan: After barricading the headquarters of the Eastern Command of the Japan Self-Defense Forces and tying the commandant to a chair, Yukio Mishima, the leader of the Tatenokai, delivered a speech to soldiers gathered outside, intending to inspire a coup. After this failed, Mishima committed seppuku.
  • 1970 Cambodian coup d'état: Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk was ousted in a military coup, and Prime Minister Lon Nol took power.
  • Chile: With the United States Central Intelligence Agency strongly invested in Salvador Allende not coming to power in the 1970 Chilean presidential election, the CIA discussed several possible coup options.[75]

1971

  • 1971 Turkish military memorandum: The Chief of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces delivered a memorandum demanding the formation of a "strong and credible government, which will neutralise the current anarchical situation".
  • 1971 Ugandan coup d'état: A military coup led by General Idi Amin overthrew the government of President Milton Obote while he was abroad, and installed Amin as dictator.
  • Thailand: Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn launched a self-coup against his own government, dissolving parliament and appointing himself Chairman of the National Executive Council.
  • 1971 Sudanese coup d'état: Major Hashem al Atta leads a short-lived coup against the government of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan and President Jaafar Nimeiry. Several days later, Nimeiry loyalists enacted a counter-coup, toppling Atta's government and executing him.
  • Project 571 in China: An alleged coup plot was developed against the Chinese leader Mao Zedong by the supporters of Lin Biao, then vice-chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. Any attempts that may have been made at the coup ultimately failed.
  • 1971 Moroccan coup attempt: A coup attempt was organized by General Mohamed Medbouh and Colonel M'hamed Ababou and carried out by cadets during a diplomatic function at King Hassan II's summer palace in Rabat. The King and important guests were detained, and plotters took control of Rabat's radio station to say that the king had been killed and a republic had been founded. Royalist troops regained the palace and ended the coup attempt.
  • 1971 Bolivian coup d'état: General Hugo Banzer overthrew President Juan José Torres and established a military dictatorship.
  • 1971 Pakistan Military Officer's Revolt: Overthrow of Yahya Khan by Pakistani officers

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

  • Ecuador: A bloodless military coup removed Guillermo Rodríguez from power.
  • 1976 Central African Republic coup attempt: On 3 February, coup plotters orchestrated an assassination attempt on Jean-Bédel Bokassa at Bangui airport by throwing a grenade in his direction, but the plan failed when the grenade did not detonate.[82]
  • 1976 Nigerian coup attempt: Military officers led by Lieutenant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka succeeded in assassinating General Murtala Muhammed, but failed to enact a coup.
  • Al-Ahdab coup in Lebanon (also known as the Television coup): On 11 March, Brigadier General Aziz Al-Ahdab staged an abortive coup in Lebanon, which he announced via Beirut's TV station, and which demanded the resignation of President Suleiman Frangieh.[83]
  • 1976 Argentine coup d'état: A military coup overthrew Isabel Perón and led to the National Reorganization Process.
  • China: A bloodless coup overthrew the Gang of Four, which had been led by Chairman Mao Zedong's widow, Jiang Qing.
  • Coup in Thailand: A military coup on the evening of the 6 October 1976 massacre installed an ultra-right government with Thanin Kraivichien as prime minister.
  • 1976 Sudanese coup attempt on 2 July, saw the fighting between one thousand insurgents of Sadiq al Mahdi followers, armed and trained by Libya, against President Gaafar al-Nimeiry government in Khartoum, Sudan.[84]
  • 1976 Burundian coup d'état

1977

1978

  • 1978 Comorian coup d'état
  • 1978 North Yemeni coup attempt: A coup attempt against President Ali Abdullah Saleh failed.
  • Saur Revolution (also known as the April Revolution) in Afghanistan: The Soviet-backed People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan overthrew and killed President Mohammed Daoud Khan, and Nur Muhammad Taraki took power.
  • 1978 Somali coup attempt: A group of military officials failed to overthrow President Siad Barre. Most of the plotters, including coup leader Colonel Mohamed Osman Irro, were summarily executed. However, some prominent officials, including Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, survived and formed the first resistance group against Barre known as the Somali Salvation Democratic Front.[86]
  • 1978 Mauritanian coup d'état: Chief of Army Staff Colonel Mustafa Ould Salek led a bloodless military coup that ousted long-time President Moktar Ould Daddah.[87]
  • Operation Galaxia in Spain: A plot to stop the Spanish transition to democracy was planned for 17 November. However, some officers present at the planning informed their superiors, and the plan was thwarted.
  • Bolivia: After the annulment of a fraudulent election in which term-limited Hugo Banzer ensured the win of his surrogate, Juan Pereda, then denounced Pereda and blamed him for the rigged election, Pereda launched a coup and was sworn in as president. Pereda himself was overthrown several months later by David Padilla, who briefly served as president until new elections could be held.

1979

1980–1989

1980

1981

  • 1981 Spanish coup attempt (also known as 23-F or the Tejerazo): Lieutenant-Colonel Antonio Tejero attempted a coup in which members of the military entered the Congress of Deputies during the vote to elect a President of the Government. The officers held the parliamentarians and ministers hostage for 18 hours, but surrendered the next morning without killing anyone.
  • 1981 Gambian coup attempt: Members of the Gambia Socialist Revolutionary Party and disaffected staff of the Gambia Field Force led a failed coup against President Dawda Jawara, who was in the United Kingdom. The attempt was quashed by the Senegalese armed forces.
  • Assassination of Ziaur Rahman in Bangladesh: A faction of officers of the Bangladesh Army succeeded in assassinating President Ziaur Rahman, who had survived many prior assassination attempts. The army suppressed the coup, and Vice President Abdus Sattar became acting president.
  • Suriname: Wilfred Hawker led an attempted coup against the government of Dési Bouterse, who had come to power in a coup the previous year. The coup failed, and Hawker was imprisoned and later executed.
  • 1981 Central African Republic coup d'état: General André Kolingba overthrew President David Dacko, who was out of the country, in a bloodless coup.
  • 1981 Ghanaian coup d'état: On 31 December, Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings overthrew Hilla Limann and the People's National Party, and established the Provisional National Defence Council.
  • 1981 Seychelles coup attempt (also known as the Seychelles affair or Operation Angela): A South African-orchestrated coup attempt failed to overthrow the government of Prime Minister France-Albert René in Seychelles and install the previous president James Mancham to power.
  • Institution of martial law in Poland: General Wojciech Jaruzelski formed the Military Council of National Salvation and announced the institution of martial law in the country.
  • 1981 Bahraini coup attempt
  • On December 11, 1981: the military overthrew Roberto Eduardo Viola, with Leopoldo Galtieri being appointed president of Argentina one week later.

1982

1983

  • 1983 Guatemalan coup d'état: A palace coup deposed Efraín Ríos Montt and brought Óscar Humberto Mejía Víctores to power.
  • 1983 Upper Voltan coup attempt: A few months after the Somé-led coup deposed Zerbo, several army officers decided to kill members of the Council of Popular Salvation and restore Zerbo to power. The plotters were arrested before they were able to do so.
  • 1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état: On 3 August, Captain Blaise Compaoré deposed President Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and installed Thomas Sankara as president.
  • 1983 Nigerian coup d'état: Members of the Nigerian military led a coup, ousting the democratically elected government of President Shehu Shagari. They installed Major General Muhammadu Buhari as leader of the Supreme Military Council, the country's new ruling body.
  • Grenada: In a military coup, Deputy Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was placed under house arrest. Bishop, who enjoyed popularity among the Grenadian population, was freed by supporters, and Bishop and some of his co-conspirators were executed. After the execution, the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) formed a military Marxist government with General Hudson Austin as chairman. The United States invaded Grenada shortly after.

1984

  • 1984 Pakistan coup attempt
  • 1984 Syrian coup attempt
  • 1984 Cameroonian coup attempt: Some members of the Presidential Guard failed to overthrow President Paul Biya.
  • 1984 Mauritanian coup d'état: Colonel Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya rose to power after a bloodless coup that overthrew President Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla.[90]
  • 1984 Guinean coup d'état: Colonel Lansana Conté led a coup, deposing Louis Lansana Beavogui and taking power himself.
  • 1984 Bolivian coup attempt: During an ultimately unsuccessful coup attempt, the military arrested President Hernán Siles Zuazo for ten hours.
  • Romania: A tentative coup d'état planned in October 1984 failed when the military unit assigned to carry out the plan was sent to harvest maize instead.[91]

1985

1986

1987

  • The Carapintada uprising in Argentina: Lieutenant Colonel Aldo Rico and Carapintada followers took up arms to make demands of the Argentine government. However, the public was sensitive to any military demands following decades of coups, and rallied around Alfonsin.
  • 1987 Philippine coup attempts: Four attempted coups failed in the Philippines.
  • 1987 Fijian coups d'état: Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka overthrew the government of Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra. After temporarily handing power to a council of ministers, in September that year, Rabuka seized control of the country again, deposed Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, and declared Fiji a republic.
  • 1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état: On 15 October, President Thomas Sankara was assassinated in a coup, and coup leader Captain Blaise Compaoré was installed as president.
  • 1987 Sharjawi coup attempt
  • 1987 Tunisian coup d'état: Prime Minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali overthrew President Habib Bourguiba.
  • 1987 Burundian coup d'état
  • 1987 Transkei coup d'état
  • Sierra Leone: On 23 March, police reported that a group of conspirators, including Vice President Francis Minah, was plotting to assassinate President Joseph Saidu Momoh and stage a coup after they raided a house in Freetown and discovered a cache of weapons, including rocket launchers. Minah and seventeen other alleged conspirators were convicted of treason and sentenced to death.

1988

  • SLORC coup in Burma: Following nationwide protests, the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) enacted a bloody military coup and imposed martial law.
  • Argentina: Aldo Rico, who had been imprisoned following a 1987 coup attempt, escaped prison and began a new attempt to overthrow President Raúl Alfonsín. Rico surrendered after a brief combat with the Argentinian army.
  • Argentina: Colonel Mohamed Alí Seineldín, backed by the Carapintadas, launched a coup attempt against President Alfonsin, but he and the other conspirators were jailed.
  • 1988 Guatemalan coup attempt: On May 11, a faction of the Guatemalan army attempted a coup against President Vinicio Cerezo, but was unsuccessful.[92]
  • June 1988 Haitian coup d'état: Henri Namphy overthrew President Leslie Manigat and declared himself president.
  • September 1988 Haitian coup d'état: Prosper Avril overthrew President Namphy, who had come to power in a coup only months earlier.
  • 1988 Panamanian coup attempt: In March, a coup was attempted against Manuel Noriega, but was suppressed.
  • 1988 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt
  • 1988 Maldives coup attempt: A group of Maldivians, assisted by mercenaries, gained control of the capital and major government buildings, but the coup ultimately failed after intervention by Indian armed forces.

1989

  • 1989 Philippine coup attempt: Members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines belonging to the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) and soldiers loyal to former President Ferdinand Marcos nearly seized the presidential palace, but were defeated.
  • 1989 Burkina Faso coup attempt: A coup was allegedly attempted by Baptiste Boukary Lingani, Henri Zongo, and others against President Blaise Compaoré. After the plot was discovered, alleged conspirators were arrested and summarily executed.
  • 1989 Guatemalan coup attempt: On 9 May, a group of retired military officers attempted another coup against President Vinicio Cerezo, but was suppressed.[92]
  • 1989 Ethiopian coup attempt: On 16 May, while President Mengistu Haile Mariam was out of the country for a four-day state visit to East Germany, senior military officials attempted a coup and the Minister of Defense, Haile Giyorgis Habte Mariam, was killed. Mengistu quickly returned, and nine generals, including the air force commander and the army chief of staff, died as the coup was crushed.
  • 1989 Paraguayan coup d'état (also known as La Noche de la Candelaria): General Andrés Rodríguez led a bloody coup against the regime of long-time leader Alfredo Stroessner.
  • 1989 Sudanese coup d'état: Omar al-Bashir led a military coup on 30 June against the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani.
  • 1989 Panamanian coup attempt: Major Moisés Giroldi led a failed coup attempt, supported by a group of officers who had returned from a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Namibia. Although the plotters succeeded in capturing Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega, the coup was quickly suppressed. Giroldi and nine others were executed, and another participant in the coup attempt died in prison after being tortured.

1990–1999

1990

  • 1990 Nigerian coup attempt: Major Gideon Orkar attempted to overthrow the government of General Ibrahim Babangida. Though successful in seizing military posts, a radio station, and the presidential residence, Orkar and others involved in the coup were captured by government troops, convicted of treason, and later executed.
  • 1990 Sudanese coup attempt was a bloodless coup attempt which took place in Sudan on 23 April against the RCCNS, the ruling military junta led by Lieutenant General Omar al-Bashir.[93]
  • 1990 Afghan coup attempt: On 6 March, General Shahnawaz Tanai attempted to overthrow President Mohammad Najibullah of the Republic of Afghanistan. The coup attempt failed and Tanai was forced to flee to Pakistan.
  • 1990 Zambian coup attempt: On 1 July, Lieutenant Mwamba Luchembe rebelled against the Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda, but failed to enact a coup.
  • Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt in Trinidad and Tobago: Jamaat al Muslimeen, a radical Islamist group, held hostages (including Prime Minister A. N. R. Robinson and other government officials) at the Red House and at the headquarters of the state-owned national television broadcaster, Trinidad and Tobago Television (TTT). On 1 August, the insurgents surrendered.
  • Argentina: Mohamed Alí Seineldín and other Carapintadas made a second attempt at overthrowing the Argentine government, now led by President Carlos Menem. The coup failed, and Seineldín was sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served until his 2003 pardon.[94]
  • 1990 Chadian coup d'état: The forces of the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), a Libyan–backed rebel group under the leadership of General Idriss Déby, entered the Chadian capital N'Djamena unopposed. After three months of provisional government, the MPS approved a national charter on 28 February 1991, with Déby as president.
  • 1990 Panamanian coup attempt: On December 5, Colonel Eduardo Herrera Hassan, a former officer in the Panama Defense Forces, led a police rebellion against Guillermo Endara. Herrera's coup attempt was suppressed with U.S. support.[95]
  • 1990 Surinamese coup d'état (also known as the Telephone Coup): Acting commander-in-chief of the Suriname National Army (SNL), Police Chief Ivan Graanoogst, dismissed President Ramsewak Shankar by telephone on 24 December. On 27 December, the government was dismissed, the National Assembly was dissolved, and Johan Kraag was appointed as president on 29 December. On 31 December, Dési Bouterse was reappointed as commander-in-chief of the SNL.
  • 1990 Venda coup d'état
  • 1990 Ciskei coup d'état

1991

1992

  • 1992 Algerian coup d'état: A military coup in Algeria canceled elections and forced President Chadli Bendjedid to resign.
  • 1992 Peruvian coup d'état: In a self-coup on 5 April, President Alberto Fujimori dissolved the Peruvian congress and judiciary and assumed full legislative and judicial powers.
  • 1992 Peruvian coup attempt: On 13 November, General Jaime Salinas Sedó led a group of military officers in attempting to overthrow President Fujimori, but was unsuccessful.
  • 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts: There were two unsuccessful coup attempts against Carlos Andrés Pérez, in February and November; the first led by Hugo Chávez.
  • 1992 Sierra Leonean coup d'état: A group of young military officers, led by Captain Valentine Strasser, took control of the government on 29 April. They deposed President Joseph Saidu Momoh and Strasser took control of the government.
  • 1992 Sudanese coup attempt was led by Colonel Ahmed Khaled who was a sympathiser of the Sudanese Ba'ath Party.[96]
  • Rahmon Nabiyev was forced to resign from the government militia on 7 September 1992, with Emomali Rahmon assuming internal power in November.[97]

1993

  • 1993 Guatemalan constitutional crisis: President Jorge Serrano Elías unsuccessfully launched a self-coup, illegally suspending the constitution and dissolving Congress and the Supreme Court. Facing protests and international pressure, Serrano resigned the presidency and fled the country. He was briefly replaced by Vice President Gustavo Adolfo Espina Salguero, but after Espina was found by the Supreme Court to have been involved in the coup, Congress replaced him with Ramiro de León Carpio.
  • 1993 Russian constitutional crisis (also known as the 1993 October Coup, Black October, the Shooting of the White House or Ukase 1400): President Boris Yeltsin successfully launched a self-coup, illegally dissolving the Russian parliament.
  • 1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état: On 1 September, militia led by military commander Surat Huseynov overthrew President Abulfaz Elchibey and brought Heydar Aliyev to power.
  • 1993 Burundian coup attempt: On 21 October, officers of the Tutsi-dominated army launched a coup attempt against Hutu President Melchior Ndadaye. The attempt, although initially successful and even resulting in Ndadaye's death, collapsed in the wake of widespread ethnic violence across the country.
  • 1993 Libyan coup attempt
  • 1993 Nigerian coup d'état

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

  • May 1998 riots of Indonesia: Mass violence, demonstrations, and civil unrest throughout Indonesia, triggered by economic problems including food shortages and mass unemployment, eventually led to the resignation of President Suharto and the fall of the New Order.
  • 1998 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt

1999

2000–2009

2000

2001

  • 2001 Ivorian coup attempt
  • 2001 Burundian coup attempt: A group of junior army officers attempted a coup against President Pierre Buyoya, who was out of the country. The conspirators briefly occupied a state-run radio station before being removed by forces loyal to the president.
  • 2001 Central African Republic coup attempt: Commandos of the Central African Armed Forces attempted to overthrow President Ange-Félix Patassé. The coup failed, though violence continued in the capital for several days after.
  • 2001 Haitian coup attempt

2002

  • 2002 Central African Republic coup attempt: Bozize loyalists militia attacked Bangui on 25 October 2002 to remove Ange-Félix Patassé from power. The battle lasted for six days and the government forces, with the support from Libya and Movement for the Liberation of the Congo, managed to thwart the coup attempt.
  • 2002 Ivorian coup attempt: A coup may have been attempted on 19 September, the first night of the First Ivorian Civil War. Former president Robert Guéï was killed; state government claimed it had happened as he attempted to lead a coup, but it was widely claimed that Guéï and fifteen others had been murdered in his home and his body moved.
  • 2002 Venezuelan coup attempt: President Hugo Chávez was ousted from office for 47 hours before being restored to power with the help of popular support (mostly labor unions) and members of the military.
  • A failed plot led by white supremacists linked to Boeremag to overthrow the African National Congress government. The conspiracy included an assassination attempt on former president Nelson Mandela and bomb attacks.[100]

2003

2004

2005

2006

Tanks in Bangkok's street in 2006

2007

2008

2009

  • Coup in Madagascar: the army seized one of the presidential palaces on 16 March 2009, at which president Marc Ravalomanana was not present. The proposal offered by the president for a referendum to solve the crisis was rejected. On 17 March 2009, Marc Ravalomanana resigned under pressure from the military.
  • 2009 Georgian mutiny: An alleged abortive mutiny by a Georgian Army tank battalion based in Mukhrovani village with a goal of removing President Mikheil Saakashvili from power.[107][108][109]
  • In Honduras, the army seized one of the presidential palaces on 28 June 2009, kidnapped president Manuel Zelaya Rosales due to his endeavor for an unconstitutional reelection and extradited him from the country. The 23-nation Rio Group & the United Nations General Assembly condemned the coup d'état.[110][111]
  • On 24 April 2009, the Ethiopian government claimed, through the Ethiopian News Agency, that it had foiled a coup attempt led by members of Ginbot 7 to overthrow the government.[112] Ginbot 7 described the allegation that it had attempted a coup as a "baseless accusation" that fitted a pattern of distraction and scapegoating by the government.[113]

2010–2019

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

  • 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis[159]
  • A coup d'état plot was foiled in Austria in April. The leader Monika Unger and others were arrested after they tried to organise an army-led coup.[160]
  • On 21 June 2017, Prince Mohammed bin Salman ousted and succeeded Saudi Crown Prince and de facto leader Muhammad bin Nayef in what was described as a "palace coup".[161][162]
  • 2017 Luhansk coup[163]
  • 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état: Harare, Zimbabwe. In the early hours of 15 November 2017, an army spokesman announced the military takeover of government. This was after the army had seized control of the state run television broadcasting station. During the night before they had stormed the president's private residence and placed the head of state, President Robert Mugabe under house arrest. The military police also captured and detained some cabinet ministers whom they labelled criminals around the president. It would succeed with the resignation of Mugabe on 21 November 2017.[164]
  • In December an attempted coup against the government in Equatorial Guinea.[165]

2018

2019

2020–present

2020

2020-2021

  • 2020–21 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt: In December 2020 major rebel groups in Central African Republic led by former president François Bozizé formed Coalition of Patriots for Change trying to overthrow the government. Rebel groups attacked Bangui on 13 January but were repulsed by government forces.[180][181]
  • January 6 United States Capitol attack and other Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election: Joe Biden was elected as president in November 2020, defeating the incumbent, Donald Trump.[182] Trump and numerous other Republicans repeatedly made false claims that widespread electoral fraud had occurred and that only he had legitimately won the election.[a] Although most resulting lawsuits were either dismissed or ruled against by numerous courts,[b] Trump nonetheless conspired[183]: 33–53  with his campaign team to submit documents in several states (all of which Biden had won) that falsely claimed to be legitimate electoral votes for President Trump and Vice President Mike Pence.[c] After the submission of these documents, the Trump campaign intended that the presiding officer of the United States Senate, either President of the Senate Pence or President pro tempore Chuck Grassley, would claim the unilateral power to reject electors during the January 6, 2021 vote counting session; the presiding officer would reject all electors from the several states for which the Trump campaign had submitted false documents, leaving 232 votes for Trump and 222 votes for Biden, thereby overturning the election results in Trump's favor.[d] This plan failed after Pence refused to cooperate with it.[e] Trump nevertheless urged his supporters on January 6 to march to the Capitol while the joint session of Congress was assembled there to count electoral votes and formalize Biden's victory, whereupon hundreds of people stormed the building and interrupted the count. After the Capitol was cleared, Congress officially counted the election results, with Pence, in his role as president of the Senate, announcing Biden and Harris as the winners.[202] On January 7, Trump acknowledged the incoming administration without mentioning Biden's name.[203] Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States on January 20, 2021.[204][205] On January 20, 2025, the first day of his second presidency, Trump granted blanket clemency to all Capitol attack defendants.[206]
  • 2021 Myanmar coup d'état: On 1 February, State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint were arrested by the military of Myanmar. The military announced that power had been handed to Min Aung Hlaing, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.[207] The military announced on state-run TV that they would be in control of the country for one year.[208]
  • 2021 Armenian coup d'état attempt: On 25 February, the Armenian Armed Forces chief of staff Onik Gasparyan called on Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan to resign due to his handling of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war and after the dismissal of the first deputy-head of army.[209]
  • 2021 Nigerien coup attempt: On 31 March, elements within the military attempted a coup. After gunfire at the presidential palace, Presidential Guard fended off the attack and many of its alleged perpetrators were later detained.[210][211]
  • 2021 arrests in Jordan: On 3 April, Jordanian authorities arrested top officials and members of the royal family, including former Crown Prince Hamzah bin Hussein, for involvement in an attempted coup.[212]
  • 2021 Northern Chad offensive[213]
  • 2021 Malian coup d'état: On 24 May, the president, prime minister, and defense minister of Mali were detained by the military.[214]
  • Coup attempt in Tajikistan in 2021.[215]
  • 2021 Tunisian self-coup: Kais Saied launches a self-coup and overthrows the Assembly of the Representatives of the People.[216]
  • 2021 Afghan coup d'état: On 15 August, the Taliban captured the capital of Afghanistan, Kabul, and removed the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under President of Afghanistan Ashraf Ghani from power.
  • 2021 Guinean coup d'état: On 5 September, military forces of Guinea led by Mamady Doumbouya, invaded the presidential palace and arrested the president.[217]
  • September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt: On 21 September, officials and troops loyal to ousted leader Omar al-Bashir attempted a coup against the Sovereignty Council of Sudan.[218]
  • October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état: On 25 October, the military forces of Sudan launched a successful coup against the government. The prime minister Abdalla Hamdok was arrested, the government was dissolved and a state of emergency was declared by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan.[219] Hamdok was later reinstated in November but resigned in 2022 amid continuing protests.[220]
  • French security agencies shut down an alleged coup plan led by Rémy Daillet-Wiedemann.[221][222][223]
  • 2021 Ukrainian coup d'état attempt: In November 2021, top Ukrainian government officials outlined allegations of a plot to overthrow the government of Ukraine which was to take place in early December. The coup plot was allegedly orchestrated by Russia. Some months later, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine, with the toppling of the Ukrainian government being one of its objectives.[224]

2022

  • 2022 Kazakh unrest[225]
  • January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état: In late January, the Burkinabé military staged a coup against Roch Marc Christian Kaboré.[226]
  • 2022 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt: A coup d'état was attempted in Guinea-Bissau on 1 February 2022. President Umaro Sissoco Embalo said that "many" members of the security forces had been killed in a "failed attack against democracy".[227]
  • 2022 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état allegations
  • 2022 Ukrainian coup d'état attempt: Russian intelligence agency FSB and recruited ATO veterans were set to take control of various Ukrainian cities, install pro-Russian leaders in them and transfer those cities to the Russian army during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, as plans for coup were discovered by Ukrainian authorities, people who were set to participate in it were detained by SBU.[228][229]
  • 2022 Malian coup d'état attempt.[230]
  • September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état: A coup d'état took place in Burkina Faso on 30 September 2022, removing Interim President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba over his alleged inability to deal with the country's Islamist insurgency. Damiba had come to power in a coup d'état eight months earlier. Captain Ibrahim Traoré took over as interim leader.[231]
  • 2022 Brazilian coup plot
  • 2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup attempt: An attempted coup d'état was reported to have taken place on the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe overnight on 24–25 November 2022.[232]
  • 2022 German coup d'état plot: On 7 December 2022, 25 members of a suspected far-right terrorist group were arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état in Germany.[233] The group, called Patriotic Union (German: Patriotische Union), which was led by a Council (German: Rat),[234] was a part of the German far-right extremist Reichsbürger movement.[235] The group aimed to re-establish a monarchist government in Germany in the tradition of the German Reich, with the government being similar to the German Empire. The group allegedly wanted to provoke chaos and a civil war in Germany so that it could take power.[236]
  • 2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt: On 7 December 2022, the left-wing President of Peru Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve the Congress in the face of imminent impeachment proceedings by the legislative body, which would have been the third impeachment attempt against the President in less than 2 years. Due to broadly interpreted wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress can impeach the President of Peru for "moral incapacity", among other causes, while the president can legally dissolve congress only if two cabinets have been denied a vote of confidence.[237][238]
  • Coup attempt in Kazakhstan in 2022[239]
  • 2022 Gambian coup attempt

2023

2024

  • A coup attempt took place in Burkina Faso on January 14.[267][268]
  • Nigeria Oyo State coup attempt[269][270]
  • 2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt: Congo's military arrested perpetrators after a failed coup attempt in Gombe, Kinshasa on May 19.[271][272]
  • 2024 Bolivian coup attempt: On 26 June, general Juan José Zúñiga led a failed coup attempt in the Bolivian capital La Paz,[273] at one point entering the Palacio Quemado, the former presidential palace.[274]
  • 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt[275][276]
  • Kyrgyz security services arrested five on charges of organising a coup attempt on July 5.[277][278][279]
  • 2024 Bangladeshi judicial coup allegations: Following the resignation of Prime Minister, sheikh Hasina in the aftermath of the July revolution in Bangladesh, Certain Supreme Court judges were alleged to have called a full court to invalidate the newly formed interim government.[280][281]
  • 2024 Serbian coup attempt allegations[282][283]
  • On September 26, 2024, 3 people arrested on charges of organising a coup in Benin.[284]
  • 30 people are arrested, 7 people accused of organizing a coup in Kyrgyzstan on November 19.[279][285]
  • 2024 Armenian coup attempt[286][287]
  • 2024 Tigray coup d'état: Interim Regional Administration of Tigray president Getachew Reda was overthrown by the Tigray People's Liberation Front.
  • German police arrested 8 people for planning a coup to take over the state of Saxony.[288][289]
  • 2024 South Korean self-coup attempt: President Yoon Suk Yeol attempted a self-coup by declaring martial law. It ultimately failed when 190 MPs were able to bypass a military blockade and voted to overturn the martial law declaration. The attempt resulted in Yoon's impeachment, removal and arrest.[290][291]
  • 2024 Romanian presidential election Invalidation by the Constitutional Court due to alleged "Russian interference" despite no irregularities in the voting process, and disqualification of the Winning Candidate for the Re-run of the Election, has been called a "Judicial coup" by many in the country.
  • Coup d'état in Syria in 2024: On 8 December 2024, the Assad regime collapsed during a major offensive by opposition forces.

2025

  • 2025 N'Djamena attack: An armed commando unit attacked the presidential palace in the capital N'Djamena in Chad, killing at least 18 of its 24 members on January 9.[292][293]
  • 2025 Georgia coup allegations[294]
  • 2025 Slovakia coup allegations[295][296]
  • The actions of the Department of Government Efficiency, in the United States, led by Elon Musk, have been described as a "takeover", "freeze", or "coup" by members of the Democratic Party and media.[f]
  • 2025 Romanian coup d'état attempt[315]
  • 2025 Kyrgyz coup d'etat attempt[316]
  • 2025 Syrian coup d'etat attempt
  • 2025 Burkina Faso coup d'etat attempt[317]
  • 6 neo-nazis belonging to the Lusitanian Armillary Movement were arrested after planning an attack on the Assembly of the Republic of Portugal on June 17.[318]
  • 2025 Armenian coup attempt allegations[319]
  • 2025 Colombian coup d'etat attempt[320]
  • 2025 Malagasy coup d'état: CAPSAT, a unit of the Madagascar Armed Forces, joined anti-government protesters before announcing control of the entire military, resulting in Andry Rajoelina fleeing the country and being overthrown.
  • 2025 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état: On 26 November, a coup d'état was carried out by the army chief of staff and military officers, arresting the country's president Umaro Sissoco Embaló. The couping forces declared "total control" over the country and established the High Military Command for the Restoration of Order. The coup occurred days after the 2025 Guinea-Bissau general election held on 23 November, in which Embaló was running for reelection.[321]
  • 2025 Beninese coup attempt[322]

2026

  • 2026 Burkina Faso coup d'etat attempt[323]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[183]: 3–4 [184]: 195–233 
  2. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[183]: 5–6 [184]: 210–213 [185][186][187][188]: 4, 10–14 [189][190]
  3. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[183]: 11–16 [184]: 341–359 [191][192][193]
  4. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[183]: 20–22 [184]: 343–346, 441–461 [194][195][196][197][198][199]
  5. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[183]: 20–24 [184]: 461–462 [200][201]
  6. ^ Attributed to multiple references:[297][298][299][300][301][302][303][304][305][306][307][308][309][310][311][312][313][314]

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  320. ^ Alsema, Adriaan (3 July 2025). "Petro presses charges against Colombia's former foreign minister over coup plot". Colombia News. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  321. ^ "Live: 'I have been deposed,' Guinea-Bissau's President Embalo confirms to FRANCE 24". France 24. 26 November 2025. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
  322. ^ "Attempted coup under way in Benin". France 24. 7 December 2025. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
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Scholarly databases and lists of coups include the following:

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