Outline of sports

100m race record holder Usain Bolt (in yellow) and other runners, Moscow, 2013.
Danish player Frederikke Lærke dives while Russian player Sofiya Lyshina looks on during a women's beach handball match, European Championships 2019.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to sports: A sport is a physical activity or game, often competitive and organized, that maintains or improves physical ability and skills. Sport may provide enjoyment to participants and entertainment to spectators. The number of participants in a particular sport can vary from hundreds of people to a single individual.

What is a sport?

Sports can be described as all of the following:

  • Entertainment – Any sport that includes spectators, either free or paid admission, with no pre-scripted plot of the outcome. The athletics might also get entertained by complete sports objective.
  • Exercise – some sports are physical exercise while others are mental exercise.

Types of sports

List of sports

Main article: List of sports

Sport by region

Africa

West Africa
Benin • Burkina Faso • Cape Verde • Côte d'Ivoire • Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Liberia • Mali • Mauritania • Niger • Nigeria • Senegal • Sierra Leone • Togo
North Africa
Algeria • Egypt • Libya • Mauritania • Morocco • Sudan • Tunisia • Western Sahara
Central Africa
Angola • Burundi • Cameroon • Central African Republic • Chad • The Democratic Republic of the Congo • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • Republic of the Congo • Rwanda • São Tomé and Príncipe
East Africa
Burundi • Comoros • Djibouti • Eritrea • Ethiopia • Kenya • Madagascar • Malawi • Mauritius • Mozambique • Rwanda • Seychelles • Somalia • Tanzania • Uganda • Zambia • Zimbabwe
Southern Africa
Botswana • Eswatini • Lesotho • Namibia • South Africa
Dependencies
Mayotte (France) • St. Helena (UK) • Puntland • Somaliland • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Antarctica

Asia

Central Asia
Kazakhstan[1] • Kyrgyzstan • Tajikistan • Turkmenistan • Uzbekistan
East Asia
China[2]
Tibet
Hong Kong[3] • Macau[4]
Japan • North Korea • South Korea • Mongolia • Taiwan[5]
North Asia
Russia[6]
Southeast Asia[7]
Brunei • Burma (Myanmar) • Cambodia[8] • East Timor (Timor-Leste)[9] • Indonesia[10] • Laos • Malaysia • Philippines • Singapore • Thailand • Vietnam
South Asia
Afghanistan • Bangladesh • Bhutan• Iran • Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan • Sri Lanka
India[11]
Andhra Pradesh • Bihar • Delhi • Gujarat • Jammu and Kashmir • KarnatakaKerala • Madhya Pradesh • Maharashtra • Manipur • Mizoram • Odisha • Punjab • Tamil Nadu • West Bengal
West Asia
Armenia[12] • Azerbaijan[13] • Bahrain • Cyprus[14] (including disputed Northern Cyprus) • Georgia[15] • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Kuwait • Lebanon • Oman • Palestine[16] • Qatar • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Turkey[17] • United Arab Emirates • Yemen

Caucasus (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)

North Caucasus
Parts of Russia (Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)
South Caucasus
Georgia (including disputed Abkhazia, South Ossetia) • Armenia • Azerbaijan (including disputed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic)

Europe

Akrotiri and Dhekelia • Åland • Albania • Andorra • Armenia • Austria • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Faroe Islands • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany • Gibraltar • Greece • Guernsey • Hungary • Iceland • Ireland • Isle of Man • Italy • Jersey • Kazakhstan • Kosovo • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Macedonia • Malta • Moldova (including disputed Transnistria) • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • Norway • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Svalbard • Sweden • Switzerland • Turkey • Ukraine
United Kingdom
England (Birmingham, Bristol, Cornwall, London, Milton Keynes, Sussex, Worthing) • Northern Ireland (Belfast) • Scotland (Glasgow) • Wales (Cardiff)
Vatican City
European Union

North America

Canada
Greenland • Mexico • Saint Pierre and Miquelon
United States
Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Montana • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming
District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
Central America
Belize • Costa Rica • El Salvador • Guatemala • Honduras • Nicaragua • Panama
Caribbean
Anguilla • Antigua and Barbuda • Aruba • Bahamas • Barbados • Bermuda • British Virgin Islands • Cayman Islands • Cuba • Dominica • Dominican Republic • Grenada • Haiti • Jamaica • Montserrat • Netherlands Antilles • Puerto Rico • Saint Barthélemy • Saint Kitts and Nevis • Saint Lucia • Saint Martin • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines • Trinidad and Tobago • Turks and Caicos Islands • United States Virgin Islands
Oceania (includes the continent of Australia)
Australasia[18]
Australia
ATC • New South Wales • (Sydney) • Northern Territory • Queensland (Brisbane) • South Australia • Tasmania • Victoria • Western Australia
Dependencies/Territories of Australia
Christmas Island[19] • Cocos (Keeling) Islands • Norfolk Island
New Zealand[20]
Melanesia[21]
Fiji • Indonesia (Oceanian part only)[22] • New Caledonia (France) • Papua New Guinea[23] • Solomon Islands • Vanuatu •
Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia • Guam (US) • Kiribati • Marshall Islands • Nauru • Northern Mariana Islands (USA) • Palau • Wake Island (USA) •
Polynesia[24]
American Samoa (USA) • Chatham Islands (NZ) • Cook Islands (NZ) • Easter Island (Chile) • French Polynesia (France) • Hawaii (USA) • Loyalty Islands (France) • Niue (NZ) • Pitcairn Islands (UK) • Adamstown • Samoa • Tokelau (NZ) • Tonga • Tuvalu • Wallis and Futuna (France)

South America

Argentina • Bolivia • Brazil • Chile • Colombia • Ecuador • Falkland Islands • Guyana • Paraguay • Peru • Suriname • Uruguay • Venezuela

South Atlantic

Ascension Island • Saint Helena • Tristan da Cunha

History of sports

Main article: History of sport

Recreational sporting

Regulation

Main article: Regulation of sport

Rulebooks

Officiating technology

Venues

Main article: Sports venue

Pitches

Main article: Pitch (sports field)

Venue features

Equipment

Main article: Sports equipment

Comparison of sports

Governing bodies

See also: List of international sport federations and Sports governing body

World governing bodies of various notable sports:

Glosaries

Sports in court

General
American football
Association football
Baseball
Basketball
Other sports

Sports medicine

Main article: Sports medicine

Sports and media

Sports magazines

Sports television programs

  • Pulp Sport

Sports ethics and conduct

Sports participants

Game play

Sport techniques

Sports management

Main article: Sport management

Sports culture

Sports and politics

Main article: Politics and sports

Sporting events

Sociology of sport

Main article: Sociology of sport

The sociology of sport is a subfield of sociology which aims to study sports through the lens of interactions between different groups and cultures.[25] The field has also investigated how various gender divides in sports can influence feminist movements.[26]

Sport psychology

Main article: Sport psychology

Sport psychology is the study of how psychological factors can impact engagement in professional and recreational sports, as well as how sports impact an athlete's psychological state.[27] After becoming popular in the early 20th century, it is now a recognized scientific field which is relevant to many different sports.[28] Modern sports psychologists often use a combination of goal setting, visualization techniques and preperformance routines to help athletes achieve their goals.[29][30][31]

See also

References

  1. ^   Kazakhstan is sometimes considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only.
  2. ^   The state is commonly known as simply "China", which is subsumed by the eponymous entity and civilization (China).
  3. ^   Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the PRC.
  4. ^   Macau is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the PRC.
  5. ^   Under the de facto control of the Republic of China (ROC) government, commonly referred to as Taiwan. Claimed in whole by the PRC; see political status of Taiwan.
  6. ^   Russia is a transcontinental country; population and area figures are for Asian portion only.
  7. ^ Excludes Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia).
  8. ^ General Population Census of Cambodia 2008 - Provisional population totals, National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, released 3 September 2008
  9. ^   East Timor is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania.
  10. ^   Indonesia is often considered a transcontinental country in Southeastern Asia and Oceania
  11. ^   Includes Jammu and Kashmir, a contested territory among India, Pakistan, and the PRC.
  12. ^   Armenia is sometimes considered a transcontinental country physiographically in Western Asia, it has historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.
  13. ^   Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only. Figures include Nakhchivan, an autonomous exclave of Azerbaijan bordered by Armenia, Iran, and Turkey.
  14. ^   The island of Cyprus is sometimes considered a transcontinental territory in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea south of Turkey, it has historical and socio-political connections with Europe. The U.N. considers Cyprus to be in Western Asia, while the C.I.A. considers it to be in the Middle East.
  15. ^   Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe; population and area figures are for the Asian portion only.
  16. ^   Gaza and West Bank, collectively referred to as the "Occupied Palestinian Territory" by the UN, are territories partially occupied by Israel but under de facto administration of the Palestinian National Authority.
  17. ^   Turkey is generally considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Southern Europe; population and area figures are for Asian portion only, excluding all of Istanbul.
  18. ^ The use and scope of this term varies. The UN designation for this subregion is "Australia and New Zealand."
  19. ^ Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands are Australian external territories in the Indian Ocean southwest of Indonesia.
  20. ^ New Zealand is often considered part of Polynesia rather than Australasia.
  21. ^ Excludes parts of Indonesia, island territories in Southeast Asia (UN region) frequently reckoned in this region.
  22. ^ Indonesia is generally considered a territory of Southeastern Asia (UN region); wholly or partially, it is also frequently included in Australasia or Melanesia. Figures include Indonesian portion of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) and Maluku Islands.
  23. ^ Papua New Guinea is often considered part of Australasia as well as Melanesia.
  24. ^ Excludes the US state of Hawaii, which is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean, and Easter Island, a territory of Chile in South America.
  25. ^ Macri, Kenneth J. (2012). "Not Just a Game: Sport and Society in the United States". Inquiries Journal. 4 (8).
  26. ^ Hayhurst, Lyndsay MC (2011-04-01). "Corporatising Sport, Gender and Development: postcolonial IR feminisms, transnational private governance and global corporate social engagement". Third World Quarterly. 32 (3): 531–549. doi:10.1080/01436597.2011.573944. ISSN 0143-6597. S2CID 145619969.
  27. ^ Weinberg, Robert Stephen (2011). Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-1-4504-0038-1.
  28. ^ Fuchs, Alfred H. (1998). "Psychology and "The Babe"". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 34 (2): 153–165. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6696(199821)34:2<153::AID-JHBS3>3.0.CO;2-T. ISSN 1520-6696. PMID 9580977.
  29. ^ Vealey, Robin S. (2005). Coaching for the Inner Edge. Fitness Information Technology. ISBN 978-1-885693-59-4.
  30. ^ Williams, Jean Marie (2006). Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-284383-5.
  31. ^ Ravizza K, Hanson T. (1995). Heads up baseball: Playing the game one pitch at a time. Lincolmwood, IL: Masters Press.
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