Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

A Soviet-made ZSU-23-4 "Shilka" in California during a USMC exercise, 1997

An anti-aircraft vehicle, also known as a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) or self-propelled air defense system (SPAD), is a mobile vehicle with a dedicated anti-aircraft capability.

Specific weapon systems used include machine guns, autocannons, larger guns, or surface-to-air missiles, and some mount both guns and longer-ranged missiles (e.g. the Pantsir missile system). Platforms used include both trucks and heavier combat vehicles such as armoured personnel carriers and tanks, which add protection from aircraft, artillery, and small arms fire for front line deployment.

Anti-aircraft guns are usually mounted in a quickly-traversing turret with a high rate of elevation, for tracking fast-moving aircraft. They are often in dual or quadruple mounts, allowing a high rate of fire. In addition, most anti-aircraft guns can be used in a direct-fire role against surface targets. Today, surface-to-air missiles (generally mounted on similar turrets) have largely supplanted anti-aircraft guns.

Examples

Some examples of modern SPAAG:

Model Manufacturer Image Origin Platforms Weapons Caliber and ammunitions Number built Notes
CS/SA5 SPAAG Norinco — China Type 08 1 × Gatling gun (6 barrels)

2 × FN-6A

30 × 113 mm

—

— [1][2]
PGZ-95 SPAAA Norinco China — 4 × PG-87

4 × QW-2 IR missiles

25 x 183 mmB ~ 270

[3]

[4]
PGZ-04/A SPAAA 4 × Type 87

4 × FN-6 IR missiles

Upgraded variant of PGZ-95 SPAAA[4]
PGZ-09 SPAAA Norinco China PLZ-05 chassis 2 × PG99

[note 1]

35 x 228 mm — [5][6]
PGZ 625

PGL-XX (Code name 625)

Norinco — China Type 08 1 × Gatling gun (6 barrels)

4 to 8 × FN-16 (for PGZ 625E)

25 × 287 mm — [7][8]
PGL-12 (Type 12) Norinco — China Type 08 1 × 35 mm revolver cannon

4 × FN-6 in PGZ-04A pod.

35 x 228 mm — [7]
Machbet IAI

(Israeli Aircraft Industries)

Israel M113 1 × M61A1 Vulcan Gatling gun (6 barrels)

4 × FIM-92 Stinger

20 × 102 mm

—

— Entered service in 1997, retired in 2006 [9]
OTOMATIC

"OTO Main Anti-aircraft Tank for Intercept and Combat"

OTO-Melara Italy Hulls of the: 1 × Cannone 76/62 OTO-Breda Super Rapido 76 × 636 mmR 2 [10]
SIDAM 25 OTO Breda Italy M113 4 × Oerlikon KBA 25 × 137 mm 275 [11]
Stryker M-SHORAD

"Maneuver Short Range Air Defense"

Leonardo DRS Italy United States Stryker 1 × XM914 (M230LF chain gun)

1 M240 (7.62mm)

4 × FIM-92 Stinger

2 × AGM-114L Hellfire

30 × 113 mm

7.62 × 51 mm

—

—

312 to 361

[12]

[13]
Type 87 SPAAG MHI

(Mitsubishi Heavy Industries)

Japan Type 74 tank 2 × Oerlikon KDA

[note 2]

35 x 228 mm

HEI ammunition

52 [14]
Kongsberg RS6

MADIS RWS MK2

"Marine Air Defense Integrated System US Marine Corps Ground Based Air Defense"

Kongsberg — Norway Oshkosh JLTV 1 × XM914E1 (M230LF chain gun)

1 × M240C (7.62mm)

2 × Air-to-Air Stinger

30 × 113 mm

7.62 × 51 mm

—

— Future USMC SHORAD system[15][16]
PZA Loara Radwar Poland T-72M chassis 2 × Oerlikon KDA

[note 2]

35 x 228 mm

HEI ammunition

2 - 4 [17]
SA-35 PIT-RADWAR

PGZ

(Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa)

— Poland Jelcz 6×6 1 × Oerlikon KDA 35 x 228 mm

Air burst programmable rounds

— [18]

Developed from AM-35K naval gun.

ZSU-23-4MP Biała ZMT SA

(Zakłady Mechaniczne Tarnów)

Poland — 4 × AZP-23

4 × Grom IR missiles

23 × 152 mm

—

~ 70 Polish modernised variant [19]
Mangart 25 Valhalla Turrets Slovenia Oshkosh JLTV 1 × Oerlikon KBA

1 × FN MAG

Option for short-range IR missiles

25 × 137 mm

7.62 × 51 mm

— [20]
K263 Cheongoong SPAAG Doosan South Korea K200A1 KIFV 1 × KM167 A1 VADS

Gatling gun (6 barrels)

20 × 102 mm 200 [21]
K30 Bi Ho

"Flying Tiger"

Doosan South Korea K200A1 KIFV 2 × Oerlikon KCB 30 × 170 mm 176 [21]
K30 Bi Ho Hybrid

"Flying Tiger"

Hanwha Aerospace

LIG Nex1

South Korea K808 White Tiger 2 × Oerlikon KCB

2 × LIG Nex1 Chiron

30 × 170 mm

—

— [22][23]
K30 Bi Ho II

"Flying Tiger"

Joint Venture

Hanwha Aerospace

SAMI (Saudi Arabian Military Industries)

— South Korea Saudi Arabia K808 White Tiger 1 × Oerlikon KCB-B

4 SAM

30 × 170 mm

Air burst programmable munitions

—

— In development [24]
Lvkv 9040

Luftvärnskanonvagn 9040

BAE Systems Bofors Sweden CV90 1 × 40 mm Bofors L/70B autocannon 40 × 365 mm 30 [25][26]
Flakpanzer Gepard Oerlikon Contraves

Siemens-Albis

Krauss-Maffei

 Switzerland Germany 2 × Oerlikon KDA

[note 2]

35 x 228 mm

HEI ammunition

570

[28]

[29][30]
Flakpanzer Gepard 1A2 2 × Rheinmetall KDG 35/1000

[note 3]

35 x 228 mm

Airburst programmable rounds AHEAD

Skyranger 30 Rheinmetall Air Defence (Oerlikon)

 Switzerland Germany Oerlikon KCE

Option for short-range IR missiles (FIM-92 Stinger or Mistral)

30 × 173 mm

Air burst programmable rounds AHEAD

—

93 ordered

(48 more planned, 9 in option)

[32][33][34][35][36]

[37][38][39]
Skyranger 35 Rheinmetall Air Defence (Oerlikon)  Switzerland Germany 1 × Rheinmetall KDG 35/1000

[note 3]

35 x 228 mm

Air burst programmable rounds AHEAD

— Turret based on Skyshield / MANTIS[37]
GÜRZ Aselsan — Turkey Seyit 8×8 (Anadolu Savunma) 1 × KDC-02

4 × Bozdoğan IR missile

35 x 228 mm

ATOM airburst

—

— Comparable to Pantsir, in development[40]
KORKUT Aselsan

(Turret adapted to land platform)

Turkey 2 × KDC-02

[note 4]

35 x 228 mm

ATOM airburst

13 [41]
Marksman Marconi Electronic Systems United Kingdom 2 × Oerlikon KDA

[note 2]

35 x 228 mm

HEI ammunition

7 [42][43]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ License produced Oerlikon GDF-002 by China.
  2. ^ a b c d Cannon used on the GDF-001, GDF-002, GDF-003 and GDF-005, without programmable ammunition capacity, using HE rounds.[27]
  3. ^ a b Cannon used since Oerlikon GDF-006 series with AHEAD programmable ammunition capacity.[31]
  4. ^ License produced Oerlikon GDF-002 by MKE using the programmable ATOM 35mm ammunition.

References

  1. ^ "China has unveiled new short-range air defence systems that target drones". South China Morning Post. 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  2. ^ Helfrich, Emma (2022-11-18). "This Is China's Beastly New Air Defense Vehicle". The War Zone. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  3. ^ For Strategic Studies (Iiss), The International Institute (15 February 2023). "6 Asia". The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003400226. ISBN 9781003400226. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  4. ^ a b "PGZ95". Weaponsystems.net. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  5. ^ "PGZ-09 35mm guns". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  6. ^ Page 216 https://irp.fas.org/doddir/army/atp7-100-3.pdf
  7. ^ a b "China shows its drone-killing monster in action". 29 December 2023.
  8. ^ "625 Strikes Back, why PLA choose 625 8x8 anti-air system for Medium Combined Arms Brigade". NetEase 163 News (in Chinese). 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
  9. ^ "Machbet". Weaponsystems.net. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  10. ^ Giusti, Arturo (2020-10-17). "OTOMATIC". Tank Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  11. ^ "SIDAM 25". Weaponsystems.net. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  12. ^ "U.S. Army's Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) System". www.everycrsreport.com. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  13. ^ "Maneuver Short Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD)". Leonardo DRS. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  14. ^ "87式自走高射機関砲". combat1.sakura.ne.jp. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  15. ^ "U.S. Marine Corps C-UAS Program Kicks off U.S. Production". www.kongsberg.com. 2022-06-14. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  16. ^ "Production starts on US Marine Corps C-UAS programme | Shephard". www.shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  17. ^ "Samobieżny zestaw przeciwlotniczy PZA i PZR Loara |". 2019-09-08. Archived from the original on 2019-09-08. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  18. ^ "MSPO 2024: Armata przeciwlotnicza 35 mm z PIT-Radwaru dla polskiego wojska". MILMAG (in Polish). 2024-09-03. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
  19. ^ "Przeciwlotnicze Białe do naprawy". defence24.pl (in Polish). 2021-12-12. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  20. ^ "Mangart 25 – Valhalla Turrets mit der Entwicklung eines 25-mm-Flugabwehrkanonensystems für 4x4-Fahrzeuge beauftragt". soldat-und-technik.de (in German). 2023-06-13. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  21. ^ a b "THE CONCISE GLOBAL INDUSTRY GUIDE: ARTILLERY AND AIR DEFENCE" (PDF). mags.shephardmedia.com. 2018. p. 38.
  22. ^ "None".
  23. ^ Ng, Jr (2020-07-08). "South Korea acquires new anti-air gun system". Asian Military Review. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  24. ^ "Saudi SAMI-Hanwha JV and Biho II air defense system". Tactical Report. 2022-01-07. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  25. ^ "Luftvärnskanonvagn 90 - Försvarsmakten".
  26. ^ "CV 90 TriAD". Weaponsystems.net. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
  27. ^ "35mm Oerlikon KDA".
  28. ^ "GEPARD 1 A2 - KNDS". www.knds.de. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  29. ^ "Flakpanzer Gepard A1". www.panzer-modell.de. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  30. ^ "Gepard-Panzer in der Ukraine: "Holt die Drohnen wie Früchte vom Himmel"". www.merkur.de (in German). 2023-09-17. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  31. ^ "Threat-adequate and highly mobile: Rheinmetall's Oerlikon Skyranger 35". 13 September 2023.
  32. ^ Höller, Linus (2024-02-26). "Austrian Pandur vehicles to schlep slimmed Skyranger air defense gun". Defense News. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  33. ^ "Rheinmetall". Rheinmetall.
  34. ^ Fiorenza, Nicholas (March 2024). "Bundeswehr orders Skyranger 30 mounted on Boxer". Janes.
  35. ^ "Kiszivárgott: újfajta légvédelmi rendszerek beszerzését fontolgatja Magyarország". 22 March 2021.
  36. ^ "Defensie versterkt luchtverdediging met anti-drone kanonsystemen - Nieuwsbericht - Defensie.nl" [Ministry of Defence strengthens air defence with anti-drone gun system]. www.defensie.nl (in Dutch). 2025-01-29. Retrieved 2025-01-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  37. ^ a b "Rheinmetall". Rheinmetall (in German). Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  38. ^ Rheinmetall Air Defence unveils its Skyranger 30 (upgraded). European Defence Review. 3 March 2021.
  39. ^ Countering RAM, drones and other flying objects with highly mobile assets, Rheinmetall’s solutions. European Defence Review. 1 July 2022.
  40. ^ "Aselsan's GÜRZ Air and Missile Defense System Debut at WDS". www.defenceturkey.com. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  41. ^ "Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerine 10 yeni Korkut teslimatı". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
  42. ^ "ilmatorjuntaupseeriyhdistys.fi". Archived from the original on September 28, 2007.
  43. ^ "MAAVOIMIEN LIIKKUVUUDEN JA TULIVOIMAN ROLL OUT PANSSARIPRIKAATISSA 5.8.2015 – Esiteltävä kalusto" (PDF) (in Finnish). Finnish Defence Forces. 5 August 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
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