Small-lift launch vehicle

From left: Scout, Kosmos-3M and Electron, three of the most launched small-lift launch vehicles
Class overview
NameSmall-lift launch vehicle
Preceded bySounding rocket
Succeeded byMedium-lift launch vehicle
BuiltSince 1957
General characteristics
Capacity
  • US definition: <2,000 kg (4,400 lb)
  • Russian definition: <5,000 kg (11,000 lb)

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) or less (by NASA classification) or under 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb) (by Roscosmos classification)[1] of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). Small launch vehicles can meet the requirements of some spacecraft and can be less expensive than a larger launch vehicle would be.[2] The next larger category is medium-lift launch vehicles.[3]

History

Juno I carrying Explorer 4 in 1958

The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, launched by the Soviet Union, which was derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing the Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.[4][5][6] The US responded by attempting to launch the Vanguard rocket.[7][8] However, the Vanguard TV3 launch attempt failed, with the 31 January 1958 launch of the Explorer 1 satellite using the Juno I rocket being the first successful US orbital launch. The Vanguard I mission was the second successful US orbital launch. This was the start of the space race.[9][10]

Since the late 1950s, small-lift launch vehicles have continued launching payloads into orbits including LEO, Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), and geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). Medium-lift launch vehicles, heavy-lift launch vehicles, and super heavy-lift launch vehicles have also been extensively developed but have not completely superseded small launch vehicles.

Rated launch vehicles

Operational

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		Launches First flight
Qased  Iran IRGCASF 10−50 3 2020
Qaem 100  Iran IRGC 80[11] 3(+1) 2023
HANBIT-NANO  South Korea Innospace 90[12] 1 2025
SK solid fueled TV2  Republic of Korea MND >100 1 2023
Shavit 2  Israel IAE 160[13] 12 1988
Unha North Korea KCST 200[14] 4 2009
OS-M[a]  China OneSpace 205[15] 73 to SSO 1 2019
KAIROS  Japan Space One 250 150 to SSO 1 2024
Electron  New Zealand
 United States 		Rocket Lab 300[16] 200 to SSO[16] 62 2017
Jielong 1  China CALT 200 to SSO 1[17] 2019
Hyperbola-1  China i-Space 300[18] 6 2020
Chollima-1  North Korea NADA ≥300[19] 3 2023
Simorgh  Iran Iranian Space Agency 350[20] 6(+1) 2016
Ceres-1  China Galactic Energy 350[21] 11 2020
Kuaizhou-1  China CASC 400[22] 250 to SSO 28[b] 2013[22]
SSLV  India ISRO / NSIL 500 300 to SSO 2 2022
Start-1  Russia MITT 532[23] 350 to SSO[24] 5[25] 1993
Minotaur I  United States Northrop Grumman 580[26] 12[27] 2000
Long March 6  China CALT 500 to SSO 11 2015
Long March 11  China CALT 700[28] 17 2015[29]
Alpha  United States Firefly 1,000[30] 600 to SSO 5 2021
Spectrum  Germany Isar Aerospace 1,000 700 to SSO 1 2025
Epsilon  Japan IHI[31] 1,200[32] 5 2013
RS1  United States ABL 1,350[33] 400 to GTO 1 2023
Strela  Russia Khrunichev 1,400[34] 3[35] 2003
Minotaur-C  United States Northrop Grumman 1,450[36] 1,050[36] to SSO 10[37] 1994
Kuaizhou-11  China CASC 1,500 1,000 to SSO 2
SK solid fueled LV  Republic of Korea MND 1,500 1(+2) 2023[38]
Minotaur IV  United States Northrop Grumman 1,735[39] 7[40] 2010[41]
Kinetica 1  China CAS Space 2,000 1,500 to SSO 3 2022
Tianlong-2  China Space Pioneer 2,000[42] 1,500 to SSO 1 2023
Jielong 3  China CALT 1,500 to SSO 3[43] 2022
Tundra  Canada NordSpace 500 250 to SSO 1 2025

Under development

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		First flight

(expected)

Blue Whale 1  South Korea Perigee Aerospace 63[44] 50 to SSO TBD
Agnibaan  India Agnikul Cosmos 100 TBD
ZERO  Japan Interstellar Technologies 100 to SSO[45] 2027[46]
VLM[47]  Brazil Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology 150 2028
DNLV  Malaysia Independence-X Aerospace[48] 200 2029
Volans  Singapore Equatorial Space Systems[49] 220 150 to SSO TBD
Zuljanah  Iran Iranian Space Agency 220 TBD
Vikram 1  India Skyroot Aerospace 315 255 to SSO[50] TBD
Skyrora XL  United Kingdom Skyrora 315[51] 2027[52]
Hapith V  Taiwan TiSPACE 390[53] 350 to SSO
Ravn X SL3  United States Aevum Space & Defense 500[54] 470 to SSO 2026
Vikram II  India Skyroot Aerospace 520 410 to SSO[50] TBD
Rocket 4  United States Astra Space, Inc. 600[55] 2026
Vikram III  India Skyroot Aerospace 720 580 to SSO[50] TBD
Tronador II  Argentina VENG 750[56] 2029
Miura 5  Spain PLD Space 900 2026
RFA One  Germany Rocket Factory Augsburg 1,600 1,300 2026

Retired

Vehicle Origin Manufacturer Mass to
LEO
(kg) 		Mass to
other orbits
(kg) 		Launches First flight Last flight
SS-520  Japan IHI 4 2 2017 2018
Vanguard  United States Martin 9[57] 11(+1) 1957 1959
Juno I[58]  United States Chrysler 11 6 1958 1959
Veloce 17  United States Eldorado Space[59] 12 0
Lambda 4S  Japan Nissan[60] 26[32] 5 1966 1977[61]
SLV  India ISRO 40[62] 4 1979 1983
Juno II[63]  United States Chrysler 41 10 1958 1961
Boeing Small Launch Vehicle[64]  United States Boeing 45[65] 0
Rocket 3  United States Astra 45[66] 7(+2) 2020 2022
Safir  Iran Iranian Space Agency 50[67] 8 2008 2019
Vector-R  United States Vector 60[68] 0(+2)
Diamant  France SEREB 107[69][70] 12 1965 1975
Vector-H  United States Vector 110[71] 0
Capricornio[72]  Spain INTA 140 0
ASLV  India ISRO 150 4 1987 1994
Scout  United States US Air Force/NASA 174[73] 125 1961 1994
Mu-4S  Japan Nissan[60] 180[32] 4 1971 1972
Mu-3C  Japan Nissan[60] 195[32] 4 1974 1979
Shtil'  Russia Makeyev 280 – 420[74] 2[75] 1998 2006
Mu-3H  Japan Nissan[60] 300[32] 3 1977 1978
Mu-3S  Japan Nissan[60] 300[32] 4 1980 1984
Long March 1  China CALT 300[76] 2[77] 1970[77] 1971[77]
Zhuque-1  China LandSpace 300[78] 200 to SSO 1 2018 2018
Delta 1913  United States McDonnell Douglas 328[79] 1[80] 1973 1973
Delta 2310  United States McDonnell Douglas 336[81] 3[80] 1974 1981
Delta 1410  United States McDonnell Douglas 340[82] 1[80] 1975 1975
VLS-1  Brazil AEB, INPE 380[83] 2[note 1] 1997 1999
Delta 1604  United States McDonnell Douglas 390[84] 2[80] 1972 1973
Falcon 1  United States SpaceX 420[85] 5 2006 2009
Pegasus  United States Orbital 443[86] 45[87] 1990 2021
Conestoga  United States Space Services Inc. 500[88] 3 1982 1995
Sputnik 8K71PS  Soviet Union RSC Energia 500[89] 2 1957 1957
Launcher One  United States Virgin Orbit 500[90] 300 to SSO 6 2020
Paektusan North Korea KCST 700[91] 1 1998
Long March 1D (CZ-1D)  China CALT 740[92] 0(+3) 1995[note 2] 2002
Mu-3SII  Japan Nissan[60] 770[32] 8 1985 1995
Athena I  United States Lockheed Martin 795[93] 515 to GTO 4[94] 1995 2001
Delta 3913  United States McDonnell Douglas 816[95] 1[80] 1981 1981
J-I  Japan IHI, Nissan[60] 1,000[96] 0(+1) 1996 1996
Delta 1910  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,066[97] 1[80] 1975 1975
N-I  Japan
 United States 		Mitsubishi 1,200[98] 7 1975 1982
Terran 1  United States Relativity Space 1,250 1 2023 2023
Delta 0900  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,300[99] 818 to SSO[80] 2[80] 1972 1972
Sputnik 8A91  Soviet Union RSC Energia 1,327 2 1958 1958
Atlas LV-3B[100]  United States Convair 1,360 9 1960 1963
H-I  Japan
 United States 		Mitsubishi 1,400[101] 9 1986 1992
Kosmos-3M  Soviet Union
 Russia 		NPO Polyot 1,500[102] 442[103] 1967 2010
M-V  Japan IHI, Nissan[31][60] 1,800[32] 7 1997 2006
Athena II  United States Lockheed Martin 1,800[104] 3[105] 1998 1999
Delta 1900  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,800[80] 1[80] 1973 1973
Delta 2910  United States McDonnell Douglas 1,887[80] 6[80] 1975 1978
Rokot  Soviet Union
 Russia 		Khrunichev 1,950[106] 1,200 to SSO 34 1990 2019
Vega Italy
Europe[c] 		Avio 1,450 to SSO 22 2012 2024

Notes

  1. ^ OS-M1 Variant of OS-M was launched
  2. ^ Includes 2 Kuaizhou-1 launches and 26 Kuaizhou-1A launches.
  3. ^ The lead manufacturer is from Italy, but the rocket has significant contributions from companies based in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and Ukraine.

See also

References

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Notes

  1. ^ A third rocket exploded 3-days before launch
  2. ^ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted

Further reading

  • Isakowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins International Guide to Space Launch Systems, AIAA. ISBN 1-56347591-X.
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