Southern bottlenose whale

Southern bottlenose whale
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix I [2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Ziphiidae
Genus: Hyperoodon
Species:
H. planifrons
Binomial name
Hyperoodon planifrons
(Flower, 1882)
Southern bottlenose whale range

The southern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon planifrons) is a species of whale, in the ziphiid family, one of two members of the genus Hyperoodon. Seldom observed, the southern bottlenose whale is resident in Antarctic waters. The species was first described by English zoologist William Henry Flower in 1882, based on a water-worn skull from Lewis Island, in the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. It lives in deep ocean waters over 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[3]

Taxonomy

No subspecies of the southern bottlenose whale are named.[4] A mtDNA study of two southern bottlenose whales from different regions of New Zealand was conducted and found that mtDNA differed 4.13%, which is higher than the interspecific variation of 2% found in other beaked whales.[5] Intraspecific coloration variation may be due to genetics; however, variation based on geographical location is not ruled out.[6]

Description

The southern bottlenose whale measures 7.5 m (25 ft) in length when physically mature, considerably smaller than the northern bottlenose whale. The beak is long and white in males but grey in females. The dorsal fin is relatively small at 30–38 cm (12–15 in), set behind the middle of the back, falcate (sickle-shaped), and usually pointed. The back is light-to-mid grey. It has a lighter underside. There is currently no evidence to support sexual dimorphism in coloration.[6] More data need to be collected to understand if coloration differences are individualized or based on geographic range.[6]

Geographic range and distribution

Two individuals off Clarence Island, Antarctica.

The southern bottlenose whale has a circumpolar distribution in the Southern Ocean.

It is found as far south as the Antarctic coast and as far north as the tip of South Africa, New Zealand's North Island and the southern parts of Brazil.

Sightings of bottlenose whales in tropical and subtropical waters were likely not of southern bottlenose whales; rather they were of a poorly known species, Longman's beaked whale.

Behavior

Taonius pavo seems to be an important prey item.

Social behavior

Dive times range from 15 to 40 mins, which is a long dive time relative to other cetaceans,[7] and occur in small group sizes between 1-5 individuals. As typical for beaked whales, adult males tend to have extensive white scarring throughout the body, typically presumed to be the result of intraspecific aggression. Some scarring is also suggested to have been caused by squid suckers.[8]

Back of an adult individual showing extensive scarring and healed cookiecutter shark wounds.

Food and foraging

The southern bottlenose whale feeds mainly on squid. Recorded taxa include Histioteuthis eltaninae and H. meleagroteuthis, Taonius pavo, Gonatus antarcticus, Moroteuthopsis ingens and M. longimana, Chiroteuthis sp., Galiteuthis glacialis, Martialia hyadesii, Alluroteuthis antarcticus, Filippovia knipovitchi, Psychroteuthis glacialis, and Liocranchia sp. Other prey include krill, some fish (Patagonian tootfish) and tunicates.[9][10] Interestingly, remains of juvenile, subadult, and possibly mature colossal squid have been recorded in the stomachs of some individuals, with estimated mantle lengths up to ~120 cm and weights up to ~13.8 kg; the species’ rotating hooks may also contribute to the extensive scarring observed. How they capture these large cephalopods is unknown.[11][12]

They presumably feed by suction-feeding, creating a negative pressure cavity in its mouth by retracting its tongue and expanding the throat grooves, powerfully drawing prey inside like a biological vacuum. The melon contains the waxy liquid spermaceti, which could indicate that they use echolocation to find prey.[13] The stomach is divided into seven chambers, consisting of a single digestive ‘true stomach’ and a six-chambered non-digestive section that likely stores and mechanically processes squid prey.[8]

Population status

The global population is unknown. Population estimates are lacking; however, southern bottlenose whales accounted for more than 90% of ziphiid sightings in the Antarctic Circle.[14]

Threats

The biggest threat to the southern bottlenose whale has been whaling.[15] Soviet whalers took a few specimens for research,[16] and Japanese whalers took 42 specimens.[14]

Conservation

A whale sanctuary in the Southern Ocean was created in 1994 by the International Whaling Commission. This prohibited whaling in the Southern Ocean. Forty-two southern bottlenose whales were caught in the Antarctic by Soviet whalers between 1970 and 1982. In addition, the southern bottlenose whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).[17] Currently the IUCN status is Least Concern.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Lowry, L.; Brownell Jr.; R.L. (2020). "Hyperoodon planifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T10708A50357964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T10708A50357964.en.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ "Southern bottlenose whale".
  4. ^ Mead, J. G. (1989). Bottlenose whales Hyperoodon ampullatus (Forster, 1770) and Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, 1882. In S. H. Ridgway & R. J. Harrison (Eds.), Handbook of marine mammals. Vol. 4: River dolphins and the larger toothed whales (pp. 309–320). London: Academic Press. 442 pp.
  5. ^ Dalebout, Merel L., A. Van Helden, K. Van Waerebeek, and C. Scott Baker. 1998. Molecular genetic identification of southern hemisphere beaked whales (Cetacea: Ziphiidae). Molecular Ecology 7(6):687-694.
  6. ^ a b c Van Waerebeek K., K. Findlay, G. Friedrichsen, and P. Best. 2005. Bold colouration pattern in southern bottlenose whales, a preliminary assessment of external variation. Ulsan, Korea: IWC Scientific Committee Meeting.
  7. ^ Barlow, J. and Sexton, S., 1996. The Effect of Diving and Searching Behavior on the Probability of Detecting Track-line Groups, Go, of Long-diving Whales During Line Transect Surveys. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Center.
  8. ^ a b Clarke, R. (2005-12-31). "A southern bottlenose whale examined in the Antarctic". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals. 4 (2). doi:10.5597/lajam00074. ISSN 2236-1057.
  9. ^ MacLeod, C.D.; Santos, M.B.; Pierce, G.J. (2003-04-09). "Review of Data on Diets of Beaked Whales: Evidence of Niche Separation and Geographic Segregation". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 83 (3): 651–665. doi:10.1017/s0025315403007616h. ISSN 0025-3154.
  10. ^ Carwardine, Mark; Camm, Martin; Robinson, Rebecca; Llobet, Toni (2020). Handbook of whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the world. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-20210-5.
  11. ^ Sekiguchi, K. (1993). ""Feeding habits and possible movements of southern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon planifrons)"". Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology. 6: 84–97 – via National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR).
  12. ^ Clarke, R. (1995). ""Stomach contents of a southern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon planifrons) stranded at Heard Island"". Marine Mammal Science. 11 (4): 575–584.
  13. ^ Ellis, Richard; Mead, James G. (2017). Beaked Whales: A Complete Guide to Their Biology and Conservation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1421421827.
  14. ^ a b Kasamatsu, F. 1988. Distribution of cetacean sightings in the Antarctic; results obtained from the IWC/IDCR minke whale assessment cruises, 1978/79 to 1983/84. Rep. int. Whal. Comm. 38:449-487.
  15. ^ Mitchell, E.D. 1975. Review of biology and fisheries for smaller cetaceans. J. Fish. Res. Board Canada 32(7): 888–983.
  16. ^ Tomilin, A.G. and Latyshev, V.M. 1967. New data on the flat-fronted bottlenose – Hyperoodon planifrons. Mosk. Obshch. isp. Priody, Byull. Otdel. Biol. 72: 119–22.
  17. ^ "Pacific Islands Cetaceans | CMS". www.cms.int. Retrieved 2024-01-17.

Further reading

  • Bottlenose Whales in the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals Shannon Gowans, 1998. ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World Reeves et al., 2002. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  • Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises Carwardine, 1995. ISBN 0-7513-2781-6
  • Sekiguchi, Keiko, N. Klages, and K. Findlay. 1993. Feeding habits and possible movements of southern bottlenose whales Hyperoodon planifrons. 14th Symposium on Polar Biology. 84–97.
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