Sympetrum

Darters or
Meadowhawks
Sympetrum fonscolombii
White-faced Meadowhawks (Sympetrum obtrusum) in "wheel position", Shirleys Bay, Ottawa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Clade: Pancrustacea
Class: Insecta
Order: Odonata
Infraorder: Anisoptera
Family: Libellulidae
Subfamily: Sympetrinae
Genus: Sympetrum
Newman, 1833
Hybrid mating between male S. meridionale (top) and female S. fonscolombii (bottom)
Sympetrum commixtum, Nepal
Sympetrum vicinum mating

Sympetrum is a genus of small to medium-sized skimmer dragonflies, known as darters in Europe and as meadowhawks in North America. The more than 50 species predominantly live in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere; 11 species are native to Europe and 15 species native to North America, and most of the rest in Asia. A few species also occur in tropical and southern Africa (S. fonscolombii) and in South America (S. evanescens, S. gilvum, S. roraimae, S. villosum), but none is native to Australasia.[1]

Most species fly in late summer and autumn, breeding in ponds and foraging over meadows. Commonly, they are yellow-gold as juveniles, with mature males and some females becoming bright red or orange-red on part or all of their bodies. An exception to this scheme is the Holarctic black darter or black meadowhawk (Sympetrum danae), which has black males with no red.[2][3]

The genus includes the following species:[1]

  • Sympetrum ambiguum (Rambur, 1842) – blue-faced meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum anomalum Needham, 1930
  • Sympetrum arenicolor Jödicke, 1994
  • Sympetrum baccha (Selys, 1884)
  • Sympetrum chaconi De Marmels, 1994
  • Sympetrum commixtum (Selys, 1884)
  • Sympetrum cordulegaster (Selys, 1883)
  • Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen, 1861) – variegated meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum costiferum (Hagen, 1861) – saffron-winged meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum croceolum (Selys, 1883)
  • Sympetrum daliensis Zhu, 1999
  • Sympetrum danae (Sulzer, 1776) – black darter,[5] black meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum darwinianum Selys, 1883
  • Sympetrum depressiusculum (Selys, 1841) – spotted darter[6]
  • Sympetrum dilatatum (Calvert, 1892) – St. Helena darter[7]
  • Sympetrum durum Bartenev, 1916
  • Sympetrum eroticum (Selys, 1883)
  • Sympetrum evanescens De Marmels, 1992
  • Sympetrum flaveolum (Linnaeus, 1758) – yellow-winged darter[5]
  • Sympetrum fonscolombii (Selys, 1840) – red-veined darter,[5] nomad[8]
  • Sympetrum frequens (Selys, 1883)[9]
  • Sympetrum gilvum (Selys, 1884)
  • Sympetrum gracile Oguma, 1915
  • Sympetrum haematoneura Fraser, 1924
  • Sympetrum haritonovi Borisov, 1983 – dwarf darter[10]
  • Sympetrum himalayanum Navás, 1934
  • Sympetrum hypomelas (Selys, 1884)
  • Sympetrum illotum (Hagen, 1861) – cardinal meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum imitans (Selys, 1886)
  • Sympetrum infuscatum (Selys, 1883)
  • Sympetrum internum Montgomery, 1943 – cherry-faced meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum kunckeli (Selys, 1884)
  • Sympetrum maculatum Oguma, 1922
  • Sympetrum madidum (Hagen, 1861) – red-veined meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum meridionale (Selys, 1841) – southern darter[6]
  • Sympetrum nigrifemur (Selys, 1884) – island darter[11]
  • Sympetrum nigrocreatum Calvert, 1920 – Talamanca meadowhawk[12]
  • Sympetrum nomurai Asahina, 1997
  • Sympetrum obtrusum (Hagen, 1861) – white-faced meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum orientale (Selys, 1883)
  • Sympetrum pallipes (Hagen, 1874) – striped meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum paramo De Marmels, 2001
  • Sympetrum parvulum (Bartenev, 1912)
  • Sympetrum pedemontanum (Müller, 1766) – banded darter[5]
  • Sympetrum risi Bartenev, 1914
  • Sympetrum roraimae De Marmels, 1988
  • Sympetrum rubicundulum (Say, 1840) – ruby meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum ruptum Needham, 1930
  • Sympetrum sanguineum (Müller, 1764) – ruddy darter[5]
  • Sympetrum semicinctum (Say, 1840) – band-winged meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum signiferum Cannings & Garrison, 1991
  • Sympetrum sinaiticum Dumont, 1977 – desert darter[6]
  • Sympetrum speciosum Oguma, 1915
  • Sympetrum striolatum (Charpentier, 1840) – common darter[5]
  • Sympetrum tibiale (Ris, 1897)
  • Sympetrum uniforme (Selys, 1883)
  • Sympetrum verum Bartenev, 1916
  • Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen, 1861) – yellow-legged meadowhawk,[13] autumn meadowhawk[4]
  • Sympetrum villosum Ris, 1911
  • Sympetrum vulgatum (Linnaeus, 1758) – vagrant darter,[5] moustached darter[6]
  • Sympetrum xiaoi Han & Zhu, 1997

References

  1. ^ a b Paulson, D.; Schorr, M.; Abbott, J.; Bota-Sierra, C.; Deliry, C.; Dijkstra, K.-D.; Lozano, F. "World Odonata List". OdonataCentral. University of Alabama.
  2. ^ Smallshire, Dave; Swash, Andy (14 July 2020). Europe's Dragonflies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 300–301. ISBN 978-0-691-16895-1.
  3. ^ Needham, James G.; Minter J. Westfall Jr.; Michael L. May (2000). Dragonflies of North America (rev. ed.). Gainesville, FL: Scientific Publishers. p. 795. ISBN 0-945417-94-2.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "North American Odonata". University of Puget Sound. 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "British Dragonfly Society Species Checklist". British Dragonfly Society. Retrieved 25 March 2026.
  6. ^ a b c d "Checklist, English common names". DragonflyPix.com. Retrieved 5 August 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  7. ^ Suhling, F. & Martens, A. (2011). "Sympetrum dilatatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011 e.T21226A9259879. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T21226A9259879.en.
  8. ^ Samways, Michael J. (2008). Dragonflies and damselflies of South Africa (1st ed.). Sofia: Pensoft. ISBN 978-954-642-330-6.
  9. ^ Autumn Darter, Kochi
  10. ^ Clausnitzer, V. (2009). "Sympetrum haritonovi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009 e.T158697A5261939. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T158697A5261939.en.
  11. ^ Clausnitzer, V.; Kalkman, V.J. (2020). "Sympetrum nigrifemur". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T60292A140601430. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T60292A140601430.en.
  12. ^ Paulson, D. R. (2009). "Sympetrum nigrocreatum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009 e.T164924A5939416. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T164924A5939416.en.
  13. ^ Dunkle, S. W. (2000). Dragonflies through Binoculars. OUP.
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