Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions

This is an incomplete comparative table of prophets and messengers recognized across the Abrahamic religions and several related traditions.

Prophetic categories by tradition

  • Judaism: The Hebrew Bible designates a canon of prophetic books (Nevi'im), but rabbinic literature (Talmud, Midrash) recognizes additional figures as prophets. The rabbis listed 48 male and 7 female prophets by name.
  • Samaritanism: Samaritanism strictly recognizes Moses as the only "nabi" (law giving prophet). While patriarchal figures from Adam to Moses are venerated as recipients of a "pure chain" of divine wisdom and secrets, subsequent leaders like Joshua, Phinehas, or the scholar sage Marqah are regarded as authoritative guides and custodians of the Law, but do not hold the same legislative prophetic rank as Moses.[1][2][3]
  • Christianity: Prophetic recognition varies by denomination. While most traditions accept the Hebrew Bible prophets, the New Testament itself names additional prophets (Agabus, Anna the Prophetess, etc.). Some modern movements (e.g., Latter Day Saints) recognize a continuing line of prophets.
  • Islam: Islamic theology distinguishes between a Nabi (who receives news from God) and a Rasul (a messenger sent with a specific law or book to a nation). Every rasul is a nabi, but not every nabi is a rasul. Traditionally, there are 124,000 nabis, of whom 313 are rusul.[4][5][6][7][8] The Quran names 25 prophets; others are mentioned in Hadith or as Isra'iliyyat.
  • Mandaeism: Mandaeism venerates a specific collection of chief prophets Adam, Shitil (Seth), Anōš (Enosh), Noah (Nú), Sam (Shem), and John the Baptist (Yahya). These figures are seen as protectors of the successive world ages.[9][10] While these "Light Prophets" are honored, Mandaeism explicitly rejects figures like Abraham, Moses, and Jesus as "false prophets" (kadabiiia) or "deceivers" who deviated from the true Gnostic path (Nasiruta).[10][11]
  • Druze: The Druze tradition venerates a universal chain of spiritual guidance that includes biblical/Quranic prophets alongside Greek philosophers and other "immortal sages" (al ashraf), who are regarded as bearers of the same divine truth.[12][13][14][15]
  • Baháʼí Faith: The Baháʼí Faith views religions as part of a "progressive revelation" by Manifestations of God "Divine Educators" who reflect God's light like mirrors. This series includes Abraham, Moses, Krishna, Zoroaster, Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad.[16][17][18][19]
  • Rastafari: The movement interprets the Hebrew Bible through an Afrocentric lens, viewing the African diaspora as the reincarnation of ancient Israel. Figures like Marcus Garvey are regarded as prophets, and Haile Selassie as a divine avatar called Jah.[20][21][22][23]

Table

Prophets in Judaism Samaritanism[n 1] Prophets in Christianity Prophets in Islam[n 2] Chief Prophets of Mandaeism Prophethood in the Druze faith[n 3] Manifestations in the Baháʼí Faith Prophethood in the Rastafari faith[n 4]
— ʾĀ̊dā̊m[24] Adam ʾĀdam[25] Adam ʾĀdam[12] Ádam[26] —
— — Abel Hābil (Revered as righteous) — — — —
— Šåt[24][27] Seth Shīth[28][29][30] Šītil — — —
— ʾĔnōš[24][27] Enos — Anōš (Ennosh)[31][32][9] (pp. 26, 53, 56). — — —
— Qinā̊n[24][33] — — — — — —
— Măʾllēləl[24][33] — — — — — —
— Yărăd[24][33] — — — — — —
— ʾĪnūḵ[24] Enoch Idris[34][35] — ʾAḵnūḵ[12] Edrís (Enoch)[36] —
— Mətušā̊ːlaʾ[24][37] — — — — — —
— Ləmēk[24][37] — — — — — —
— Nā̊ʾ[24] Noah Nuh Nú Nuh[12] Núh[38] Noah[39]
— Šēm[24] Shem — Sam (Shem) — — —
— Šīlå[24][40] — Salih — — Sálih[38] —
— Pălăg[24] — — — — — —
— Rəʿu[24] — — — — — —
— Šărūg[24] — — — — — —
— Nāʾūr[24] — — — — — —
Abraham[41] ʾǍbrǎʾm[24] Abraham ʾIbrāhīm[42] Abrahem (Rejected)[43][9] (pp. 150–151). Mandaeans utilize the wordplay iahta (miscarriage) for the word jahutaiia (Jews) to mock practitioners of Abrahamic religions. ʾIbrāhīm[12] Ibráhím[44] —
Sarah[41] — — Sarah — Sāra — —
— Yišmaʿʾēl[24] Ishmael Ismā'īl — — Ismá‘íl —
Isaac Yēṣʾåq[24] Isaac ʾIsḥāq — — Isháq —
Jacob[41] Yå̄ːqob[24] Jacob Yaqub — Yaʾqob Yaqúb —
Joseph[41] Yūsef[24] Joseph (debated) Yusuf — — Yusúf —
— — Lot Lut — — Lúta —
Job[41] — Job Ayyub — Ayyūb Ayyúb —
— Amram (ʾÅmrām)[24] — Imran — — — —
— — Jethro Shu'ayb — Shuʿayb Shu'ayb —
— — — — — Akhenaten[45][46] — —
Bithiah[47] — — — — — — —
Miriam[41] — Miriam — — — — Miriam[39]
Aaron[41] Årron[24] Aaron Harun[42] — — Harún —
Moses[41] Moše[24] Moses Musa[42] Mūsa (Rejected)[48][9] (pp. 61, 150–151). Moses is viewed as a servant of the powers of darkness. Mūsā[12] Musá Moses[39]
Joshua[41] Yēʾūša[24][49] Joshua Yusha[50][51][52] — — — —
— — — al-Khidr (debated)[53][54][55] — el-Khudar[n 5] — —
— — — Luqman (debated)[56][57][58] — — — —
Eldad Ildåd[24] — Eldad (debated) — — — —
Medad Mūdåd[24] — Medad (debated) — — — —
— Caleb (Kīlåb)[24] — — — — — —
Phinehas Finahas[59] Phinehas — — — — —
Deborah[41] — Deborah — — — — Deborah[39]
Ruth — Ruth (debated; mainly Protestant discussion) — — — — —
Gideon — Gideon (only Orthodox) — — — — —
Eli — Eli — — — — —
Elkanah — — — — — — —
Hannah[41] — — — — — — —
Samuel[41] — Samuel Syamuil[42] — — — Samuel[39]
Gad[41] — Gad — — — — Gad[39]
Nathan[41] — Nathan — — — — Nathan[39]
King David[41] — David Dawud[42] — — "David"[38][60][61][n 6] David[39]
King Solomon — Solomon Sulayman[42] — Sulaymān[12] Sulaymān Solomon[39]
Jeduthun[41] — Jeduthun — — — — —
Asaph/Asoph[41] — Asaph — — — — —
Elijah[41] — Elijah/Elias Ilyas[62] — el-Khudar[n 5] Élyás Elijah[39]
Elisha[41] — Elisha al-Yasa[42] — — — —
Jonah[41] — Jonah/Jonas Yunus[42] — — Yúnus —
Hosea — Hosea/Osee Hushi' (Isra'iliyyat)[63] — — — —
Amos — Amos Amus (Isra'iliyyat)[63] — — — —
Micah — Micheas Miqah (Isra'iliyyat)[63] — — — —
Obadiah — Obadiah — — — — —
— — — — — Pythagoras (Fīṯāḡūras)[12][13] — —
Isaiah[41] — Isaiah/Isaias Ishaʻyā'[42][64] — — Íshiya Isaiah[39]
Jeremiah[41] — Jeremiah/Jeremias Irmiyā[42][65] — — Ermíya Jeremiah[39]
Zephaniah[41] — Zephaniah/Sophonias — — — — —
Joel[41] — Joel Yūʾīl (Isra'iliyyat)[63] — — — —
— — — — — Parmenides (Bārminīdes)[12][13] — —
— — — — — Empedocles (ʾAmbadūqlīs)[12][13] — —
Nahum — Nahum — — — — —
Huldah — Huldah — — — — —
Habakkuk[41] — Habakkuk/Habacuc — — — — —
Ezra[41] — Ezra Uzair (debated)[66] — — — —
Ezekiel[41] — Ezekiel/Ezechiel Dhul-Kifl — — Za'l Kifl Ezekiel[39]
Uriah[41] — Uriah — — — — —
— — Daniel Daniyal[67] — — Danyál Daniel[39]
— — — — — al-Ya'fūrī — —
Haggai[41] — Haggai Hajaay (Isra'iliyyat)[63] — — — —
Zechariah[41] — Zechariah (the Prophet) — — — — —
Malachi[41] — Malachi — — — — —
Mehseiah (Talmudic tradition)[68] — — — — — — —
Esther — — — — — — —
— — Zechariah (the Priest)[69] Zakariya[42] — — — —
— — Anna — — — — —
— — Agabus — — — — —
— — Agur (LXX; Greek Orthodox and similar)[70][71] — — — — —
— — — Dhu al-Qarnayn (debated)[72][73][74] — Alexander the Great (al-ʾIskandar / Dhu al-Qarnayn)[75] — —
— — — — — Aristotle (ʾArisṭūṭālīs)[12][13] — —
— — — — — Plato (ʾAflāṭūn)[12][13] — —
— — — — — Socrates (Suqrāṭ)[12][13] — —
— — Mary (debated)[n 7][76] Maryam (Siddiqa; Ash'ari and Zahiri view: Prophetess)[77] [78][79] — — — —
— — John (the Baptist) Yahya ibn Zakariyya[42] Yuhana Maṣbana el-Khudar[n 5] Yúna John the Baptist[39]
— — Jesus Christ Isa ibn Maryam (Jesus, son of Mary) [42] Ishu Mashiha (Rejected)[80][9] (pp. 22, 168–169). Portrayed as a "fallen Mandaean" with "impure motives" and "hypocrisy." His baptism in the Jordan is considered a "counterfeit." Isā ibn Yusuf and Maryam (Jesus, son of Joseph and Mary)[81] Jesus Christ[82] —
— — Luke the Evangelist — — Luke the Evangelist (Lūqā) — —
— — Matthew the Apostle — — Matthew the Apostle (Mattā) — —
— — Mark — — Mark the Apostle (Marqus) — —
— — John of Patmos (except Syriac Orthodox Church) — — — — —
— — Judas Barsabbas — — — — —
— — Barnabas — — — — —
— — Simeon Niger — — — — —
— — Lucius of Cyrene — — — — —
— — Manahen — — — — —
— — Silas — — — — —
— — Philip the Evangelist — — — — —
— — — — — Plotinus (ʾAflūṭīn)[13] — —
— — — — — Democrates[83] — —
— Marqah (Mårqe)[24][84] — — — — — —
— — — Muhammad[42] — Muhammad Muhammad[44][85] —
— — — — — Salman al-Farsi[86] — —
— — — — — Ali — —
— — — — — al-Hākim — —
— — — — — Hamza (al-ʿAql, "the Intellect")[87] — —
— — — — — Muḥammad ibn Wahb al-Qurashī (al-Kalima, "the Word")[12][88] — —
— — — — — Abū'l-Khayr Salama ibn Abd al-Wahhab al-Samurri (al-Sābiq, "the Preceder")[12][88] — —
— — — — — Ismāʿīl ibn Muḥammad at-Tamīmī (al-Nafs, "the Soul")[89] — —
— — — — — Bahāʾ al-Dīn (al-Muqtana / al-Tālī, "the Follower")[90] — —
— — — — — Ad-Darazi — —
— — — — — — Deganawida[91] (Native American Baháʼís) —
— — — — — — Báb[92] —
— — — — — — Bahá'u'lláh[93] —

Prophets in modern and syncretic movements

This table lists figures regarded as prophets within movements that emerged in the modern era or incorporate elements of Abrahamic traditions alongside other beliefs. These figures are generally not recognized as prophets by mainstream Christianity, Islam, or Judaism. Deganawida is treated only in the main table (Baháʼí column) to avoid duplicating that row here.

Name Movement Tradition of origin Notes
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Ahmadiyya Islam Claimed to be the promised Messiah and Mahdi; regarded as a non-law-bearing prophet by Ahmadis.[94]
Noble Drew Ali Moorish Science Islam/Syncretic Founder of the Moorish Science Temple; considered a prophet by his followers.
Elijah Muhammad Nation of Islam Islam/Syncretic Regarded as a messenger/prophet by the Nation of Islam; taught that God appeared in the person of Wallace Fard Muhammad.[95]
Wallace Fard Muhammad Nation of Islam Islam/Syncretic Regarded as God in person and a Great Messiah/Messenger by the Nation of Islam.[96][97][98]
Rashad Khalifa Submitters Islam Claimed to be the "Messenger of the Covenant"; rejected the Hadith and emphasized the "Code 19" in the Quran.[99]
Krishna Ahmadiyya Hindu tradition Regarded as a prophet by Ahmadis, who identify him as a "Manifestation of God" or a divinely inspired teacher.[100]
Gautama Buddha Ahmadiyya; Baháʼí Faith Buddhist tradition Regarded as a prophet by Ahmadis; also a Manifestation of God in Baháʼí teaching.[100][101]
Zoroaster Ahmadiyya; Baháʼí Faith Zoroastrianism Regarded as a prophet by Ahmadis; also recognized by Baháʼís as a Manifestation of God.[100][102] Classical Islamic literature also occasionally discusses Zoroaster as a possible recipient of a revealed book.
Confucius Ahmadiyya; Baháʼí Faith Confucian tradition Regarded as a prophet by Ahmadis; recognized among Baháʼí Manifestations as a preparatory figure.[100][103]
Joseph Smith Mormonism Christianity Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, regarded as a prophet, seer, and revelator who restored the original church.[104][105]
Ellen G. White Seventh-day Adventism Christianity Her writings are regarded as having the "Spirit of Prophecy" by the Seventh day Adventist Church.
Felix Manalo Iglesia ni Cristo Christianity Regarded by his followers as the "Last Messenger of God in these Last Days" (Ang Sugo).[106]
Marcus Garvey Rastafari Christianity/Pan-Africanism Often regarded as a prophet or a "John the Baptist" figure by Rastafarians, foretelling the coronation of Haile Selassie.
Haile Selassie Rastafari Christianity/Ethiopic Regarded as the return of Christ or God incarnate by Rastafarians.
Vernon Carrington Twelve Tribes of Israel Rastafari Known as "Prophet Gad" founder of one of the major mansions of the Rastafari movement.

List of Prophets

General Abrahamic Topics

Notes

  1. ^ The Samaritan tradition venerates a chain of patriarchal ancestors from Adam to Moses as recipients of divine wisdom and the "Book of Signs," with Moses holding the unique rank of supreme law-giving prophet. Subsequent figures such as Joshua, Phinehas, and the scholar-sage Marqah are honored as authoritative leaders and interpreters (keepers of the "library"), but are not accorded the same legislative prophetic status as Moses.
  2. ^ In this table, "Islam" refers to the mainstream Sunni and Shia consensus. Definitive nabi status requires attestation in the Quran or widely accepted hadith; biblical figures named only in tafsīr or narrative lore are discussed under Isra'iliyyat without repeating that qualifier in each cell.
  3. ^ The Druze tradition incorporated Neoplatonic philosophy into its theology. Greek thinkers such as Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus are venerated as bearers of universal spiritual truth, considered part of a universal chain of spiritual guidance.
  4. ^ Rastafari has no single formal prophets list; Rastas nonetheless venerate major Hebrew Bible figures (e.g. in Kebra Nagast). Modern figures (Marcus Garvey, Haile Selassie) are in the second table below.
  5. ^ a b c Druze venerate at least four prophets under the title el-Khudar ("the green one")...
  6. ^ The Baháʼí Manifestation of God known as 'David' is not the same individual as King David. This David, according to Báb, lived before Moses.
  7. ^ Most Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions venerate Mary as a prophetess based on the Magnificat (Luke 1:46–55); most Protestant traditions do not formally classify her as a prophet.

References

  1. ^ Macdonald, John (1964). "The Samaritan Doctrine of Moses". Scottish Journal of Theology: 149–150, 158–159. It has to be remembered that the Samaritans had only the Pentateuch and therefore only one prophet.
  2. ^ Crane (1890), pp. 130, 146.
  3. ^ Gaster (1927), pp. 150, 155.
  4. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, p. 151 (Hadith of Abu Dharr).
  5. ^ Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim, Commentary on Surah 17:130 and 89; online edition.
  6. ^ Al-Tabari, Jami' al-bayan, Commentary on Surah 22:52 (definitions on p. 610) and Surah 23:51 (p. 59); online check.
  7. ^ Ibn Abi al-Izz, Sharh al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah, p. 117; online check.
  8. ^ Al-Taftazani, Sharh al-Aqa'id al-Nasafiyyah, p. 121; online check.
  9. ^ a b c d e Buckley, Jorunn J. (2002). The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People. Oxford University Press. pp. 31, 55–56. ISBN 9780195153859.
  10. ^ a b Häberl, Charles G.; McGrath, James F. (2020). The Mandaean Book of John: Text and Translation. De Gruyter. online PDF.
  11. ^ Buckley (2002), pp. 22, 150, 168.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Rasa'il al-Hikma (Epistles of Wisdom), Band 1, Ausgabe 1986, pp. 17, 62, 136; online archive.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Nejla M. Abu-Izzeddin, The Druzes: A New Study of their History, Faith and Society, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1984, pp. 103, 112, 115–117, 129; online edition.
  14. ^ Philip K. Hitti, The Origins of the Druze People and Religion, pp. 39, 52–53; online PDF.
  15. ^ Swayd, Samy (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Druzes. Scarecrow Press. pp. 27, 81, summary check. ISBN 9780810853324.
  16. ^ Bahá'u'lláh, Kitáb-i-Íqán (The Book of Certitude), pp. 2, 24, 37 ("I am all the Prophets"), 43.
  17. ^ ‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Some Answered Questions, pp. 8–10, 64; online edition.
  18. ^ Hartz, Paula R. (2009). World Religions: Baha'i Faith. Infobase Publishing. pp. 15, 58, 139–140, online PDF. ISBN 9781604131048.
  19. ^ Peter Smith, An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith, pp. 106–107, 125–129; online check.
  20. ^ Barrett, Leonard E. (1977). The Rastafarians. Beacon Press. pp. 90, 112, 118–119, 125, 141, online archive. ISBN 9780807010273.
  21. ^ Edmonds, Ennis B. (2003). Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers. Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 51, 54, 61, 106, online check. ISBN 9780195133769.
  22. ^ "ENOCH - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
  23. ^ In Judaism and Islam the classification of some people as prophets includes those who are not explicitly called so in the Hebrew Bible or Quran. Judaism also uses religious texts other than the Hebrew Bible to define prophets. Orthodox rabbis and Islamic scholars use different criteria for classifying someone as a prophet. The New Testament may call someone a prophet even though they are not so classified in the Hebrew Bible; for example, Abel, Daniel, and Enoch are described in the New Testament as prophets.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Prophets, Israelite Samaritans.
  25. ^ Ibn Kathir, Stories of the Prophets, pp. 15–19.
  26. ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Adam". A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. London: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-480-3. OCLC 890982216. Retrieved 2021-06-26 – via Google Books.
  27. ^ a b Crane (1890), pp. 130, 146; Macdonald (1963), pp. 40, 82, 151; Gaster (1927), pp. 155, 193, 204.
  28. ^ Ibn Kathir, Stories of the Prophets, pp. 19–20.
  29. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, p. 153 (Successor to Adam, 50 scrolls).
  30. ^ Al-Tha'labi, Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ, p. 49.
  31. ^ Drower, E. S. (1937). The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 3, 21.
  32. ^ The Mandaean Book of John, pp. 105 (32:28), 123 (36:18), 217 (72:9-10). Enosh is depicted as an utra (light-being) and teacher who protects John the Baptist.
  33. ^ a b c Gaster (1927), pp. 155, 208.
  34. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, p. 171.
  35. ^ Al-Tha'labi, Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ, p. 51 (Majlis fī dhikr al-Nabī Idrīs).
  36. ^ Brown, Keven (1997). McLean, Jack (ed.). "Hermes Trismegistus and Apollonius of Tyana in the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh". Studies in the Bábí and Baháʼí Religions. Revisioning the Sacred: New Perspectives on a Bahá'í Theology. 8. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press: 153–187. ISBN 0-933770-96-0 – via Bahá'í Library Online.
  37. ^ a b Gaster (1927), pp. 155, 203.
  38. ^ a b c May, Dann J (December 1993). "Web Published". The Baháʼí Principle of Religious Unity and the Challenge of Radical Pluralism (Thesis). University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. p. 102. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o See Kebra Nagast and Hausman, Gerald (1997), The Kebra Nagast: The Lost Bible of Rastafarian Nations.
  40. ^ Crane (1890), pp. 158–159, Notes 34, 35.
  41. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Noegel & Wheeler 2010, pp. 365–6.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Noegel & Wheeler 2010, pp. 365–6.
  43. ^ The Mandaean Book of John, p. 77 (22:19-20). Identified with the rise of false religions and persecution.
  44. ^ a b Momen, Moojan (1995). Baha'u'llah's Prophetology: Archetypal patterns in the lives of the founders of the world religions. Baháʼí Studies Review, 5.1.
  45. ^ Philip K. Hitti, The Origins of the Druze People and Religion, p. 37.
  46. ^ Abu-Izzeddin, pp. 112, 115, 259 (on Manifestations/Maqam).
  47. ^ Babylonian Talmud, Sotah 12
  48. ^ The Mandaean Book of John, pp. 67 (18:96), 167 (54:17-22). Rejects Moses as a "liar" and his Torah as an "unlawful book" written by the Seven (planets) and the Spirit (Ruha) to deceive humanity.
  49. ^ Crane (1890), pp. 38, 42, 102; Macdonald (1963), pp. 134, 208, 217; Gaster (1927), pp. 150, 312–313.
  50. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, p. 434 ("wa-kana nabiya").
  51. ^ Al-Tha'labi, Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ, pp. 262–263.
  52. ^ Sahih Muslim 1747 and Sahih Bukhari 3124 record of the Prophet Muhammad referring to Yusha as a prophet.
  53. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, pp. 365–366 (Prophet vs. "righteous servant").
  54. ^ Al-Tha'labi, Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ, p. 231 (Majlis fī dhikr al-Khiḍr).
  55. ^ Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Al-Zahr al-Nadir fi Hal al-Khidr, pp. 50–53.
  56. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, p. 485 (Weise vs. Nabi).
  57. ^ Al-Tha'labi, Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ, p. 388 (Majlis fī dhikr Luqmān al-Ḥakīm).
  58. ^ Ibn Kathir, Stories of the Prophets, p. 288 (prophet vs. sage).
  59. ^ Crane (1890), p. 104; Macdonald (1963), pp. 95, 208; Gaster (1927), pp. 150, 312–313.
  60. ^ Lambden, Stephen N. "Islamo-Biblica: 2 Ishmaels 2 Davids". Lambden discusses a Bábí/Baháʼí reading of a 'pre-Mosaic David' associated with Zabūr revelation and a distinct community.
  61. ^ Bahá'u'lláh. Kitáb-i-Íqán (The Book of Certitude). Baháʼí World Centre. Common editions list David among the 'great prophets' (context often cited at pp. 39/51).
  62. ^ Al-Suyuti, Al-Khabar al-Dall 'ala Wujud al-Qutb..., p. 66.
  63. ^ a b c d e Ibn Kathir, Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, Vol. 2. Also mentioned in Al-Tabari, Tarikh, as "Prophets of the Children of Israel" (Sammelbegriff). Al-Tha'labi omits them as independent biographies (pp. 507–512).
  64. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, p. 537.
  65. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, p. 538.
  66. ^ Firestone, Reuven (2001). Children of Abraham. KTAV Publishing House. p. 53. ISBN 0-88125-720-6. (Quran 9:30; prophethood not unanimous).
  67. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, pp. 539, 567.
  68. ^ Babylonian Talmud, Megillah 14b.
  69. ^ Православный церковный календарь. Имена святых, упоминаемые в месяцеслове. Имена мужские. З — Захария (Праведный) (in Russian)
  70. ^ Agur appears in the Septuagint Book of Proverbs appendix; absent from the Masoretic Text as a named prophet figure.
  71. ^ "Septuagint (Brenton) – Proverbs 31". In Proverbs 31:1 the LXX framing reads 'My words have been spoken by God' and uses 'chrēmatismos' (oracular answer), presenting the section as divine oracular utterance.
  72. ^ Al-Tabari, Tarikh al-Rusul wal-Muluk, Vol. 1, pp. 365, 571 (Debate on king vs. prophet).
  73. ^ Al-Tha'labi, Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ, p. 403 ("Wa-ikhtalafa al-ʿulamāʾ fī nubuwwatihi").
  74. ^ Classical tafsīr variously treats him as king, saint, or prophet.
  75. ^ Rasa'il al-Hikma, p. 26; Abu-Izzeddin, p. 126, 262 (identified with Dhu al-Qarnayn).
  76. ^ "Digital Chant Stand (GOARCH)". The Magnificat (Luke 1:46–55) is used liturgically in Orthros/Matins as the Theotokos' Ode (Ode 9) with the intercalated Megalynarion refrain.
  77. ^ Ibn Hazm, Al-Fasl fi al-Milal, Part 2, p. 143. Ibn Hazm argues that the angelic salutation makes her a prophetess, though the mainstream consensus (Jumhur) classifies her as a Siddiqa.
  78. ^ Farooq, Mohammad Omar. "Imam Ibn Hazm: On Prophethood of Women". Archived from the original on 2005-03-12.
  79. ^ Ibrahim, Mohammed Zayki (2015). "Ibn Ḥazm's theory of prophecy of women: Literalism, logic, and perfection". Intellectual Discourse. 23 (1). IIUM Press: 76–77. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.831.1259. eISSN 2289-5639. ISSN 0128-4878.
  80. ^ The Mandaean Book of John, pp. 93 (30:7), 97 (30:60-61), 97 (30:75). Explicitly labeled a "deceiver" (kadaba) who lead men astray with a "carpenter-framed god."
  81. ^ Dana, Nissim (2008). The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. Michigan University press. p. 17. ISBN 9781903900369.
  82. ^ Stockman, Robert. Jesus Christ in the Bahá'í Writings, in Baháʼí Studies Review, 2:1, Association for Baha'i Studies English-Speaking Europe, London, 1992.
  83. ^ Abu-Izzeddin, p. 129 (listed as "Democritus").
  84. ^ Crane (1890), pp. 159, 182; Macdonald (1963), pp. 11, 213, 254; Gaster (1927), pp. 85, 135, 199.
  85. ^ Momen, Moojan (2000). Islam and the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-446-8.
  86. ^ Rasa'il al-Hikma, p. 23; Abu-Izzeddin, p. 112, 264.
  87. ^ Rasa'il al-Hikma, pp. 13, 17, 22–24; Abu-Izzeddin, pp. 103, 116.
  88. ^ a b Abu-Izzeddin, p. 116.
  89. ^ Rasa'il al-Hikma, pp. 13, 17, 22–24; Abu-Izzeddin, p. 116.
  90. ^ Rasa'il al-Hikma, pp. 13, 320; Abu-Izzeddin, pp. 103, 116.
  91. ^ Buck, Christopher; Addison Donald. Messengers of God in North America, Revisited: An Exegesis of 'Abdu'l-Bahá's Tablet to Amír Khán, in Online Journal of Bahá'í Studies, 1, pp. 180–270, Association for Baha'i Studies of New Zealand, 2007.
  92. ^ Martin, Douglas. The Mission of the Báb: Retrospective 1844-1994, in Bahá'í World, Vol. 23 (1994–1995).
  93. ^ Hatcher, W.S.; Martin, J.D. (2002). The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-065441-4.
  94. ^ Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam. A Misconception Removed (Eik Ghalati Ka Izala). Islam International Publications. Ahmad presents his prophethood as by way of zill (reflection/shadow) of Muhammad; see esp. pp. 14, 18 (footnote), 21–22.
  95. ^ Muhammad, Elijah (1965). Message to the Blackman in America. Muhammad's Temple No. 2. Elijah Muhammad presents himself as the 'Messenger of Allah' and asserts a divine commission from Master Fard Muhammad; see title page and pp. 1, 13, 50, 179.
  96. ^ Marsh, Clifton E. (1996). The Lost-Found Nation of Islam in America. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810881426.
  97. ^ Muhammad, Elijah (1965). Message to the Blackman in America. Muhammad's Temple No. 2. Elijah Muhammad identifies Master W. Fard Muhammad as God in person and as 'Mahdi'; see esp. pp. 25, 27, 110, 122.
  98. ^ "The True History of Master Fard Muhammad (Allah in Person) (Angels of Allah: Master Fard Muhammad, Vol. Zero)". The text repeatedly states 'Allah (God) who came in the Person of Master Fard Muhammad' and explicitly calls him the 'Great Mahdi' (e.g. pp. 2, 4–5, 8, 10).
  99. ^ Waugh, Earle H. (2005). The Qurʾān: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 558–559. ISBN 9780415326391.
  100. ^ a b c d Ahmad, Mirza Tahir. "An Elementary Study of Islam – The Prophets". The Ahmadiyya presentation explicitly discusses Krishna and identifies Dhul-Kifl with Buddha; it also emphasizes honoring the truth of prophets in India, Persia, and China, and mentions honoring Buddha, Krishna, and Zoroaster.
  101. ^ Buddhism and the Baháʼí Faith
  102. ^ Momen, Moojan (2000). Islam and the Baháʼí Faith. George Ronald. ISBN 0-85398-446-8.
  103. ^ Buck, Christopher (2004). "Beyond the 'Seal of the Prophets': Bahā'u'llāh's Book of Certitude". Religious Texts in Iranian Languages. Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.
  104. ^ "Doctrine and Covenants 21". D&C 21:1–3 calls Joseph Smith a seer, translator, prophet, apostle, and elder.
  105. ^ "Joseph the Seer". The article cites D&C 21:1 and describes Joseph Smith being called a seer at the church's organization on April 6, 1830.
  106. ^ "Felix Y. Manalo – God's Last Messenger and the Iglesia Ni Cristo". The article presents the Iglesia Ni Cristo claim that Felix Y. Manalo is God's messenger in the last days and argues from biblical prophecy (e.g. Isaiah 41:9–10; 46:11–13).

Bibliography

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