Zimri-Lim


Zimri-Lim
King of Mari
Reignc. 1775 – c. 1760 BC
PredecessorIshar-Lim
SuccessorPosition abolished
Diedc. 1760 BC
SpouseDam-hurasim
Shibtu
Issue8 daughters
Mari territory under Zimri-Lim c. 1767 BC

Zimri-Lim (died c. 1760) was the last king of Mari (c. 1775-1760 BC high middle chronology; c. 1767–1752 BC low middle chronology) during the early Middle Bronze IIA (c. 1820-1750 BC). He was contemporary with Shamshi-Adad I and Hammurabi of Babylon.

Early Life

Family

Zimri-Lim (Akkadian: 𒍣𒅎𒊑𒇷𒅎 Zi-im-ri Li-im)[1] was the son[2] or grandson[3] of king Yahdun-Lim of Mari.

Zimri-Lim's personal life is partly known through tablets preserved in the state archive of Mari.

Royal Harem

His first wife was Dam-hurasim,[4] a princess from Qatna is known from the Mari Archive as a key figure within the "harem" or the inner royal household of Zimri-Lim.[5]

He also married Shibtu, a princess of Yamhad (Aleppo and surrounding territory), and is known to have had at least eight daughters through various wives. Several of his daughters were married to rulers of local towns, and two others are known to have become priestesses. Correspondence between the king and his daughters provides evidence that Zimri-Lim thought highly of women and considered them competent at making decisions.

Exile

The assassination of Yahdun-Lim by his own servants during a palace coup, forced Zimri-Lim to flee to the neighboring court of Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad (Halab, Aleppo). Shamshi-Adad I, the king of Assyria, later put his own son Yasmah-Adad on the throne of Mari.

Marriage Alliance

In exile, Zimri-Lim married Shibtu, the king's daughter of Yarim-Lim I of Yamhad and Gashera.

Ruler of Alalakh

Yarim-Lim I of Yamhad installed his exiled Zimri-Lim, unable to claim his reighful inheritance to the throne of Mari, as the vassal ruler of Alalakh (MB IIA, c. 1820-1750 BC, Stratum VIII). Zimri-Lim held this position until the death of Shamshi-Adad I around 1776 BC when he returned to his throne in Mari.

Reign

In 1776 BC, the death of Shamshi-Adad I saw Zimri-Lim aided by Yarim-Lim I, the Great King of Yamhad, oust Yasmah-Adad from the throne of Mari.[6][7][8]

There is an Akkadian literary text, written in the early years of his reign, entitled The Epic of Zimri-Lim.[9][10]

Zimri-Lim ruled Mari for around 14 years, and campaigned extensively to establish his power in the neighboring areas along the Euphrates River and the Khabur valley.

  • He had a tenuous relationship with kingdom of Andarig, with which he battled and occasionally allied.
  • He went to war against the city of Kahat in the Khabur triangle, an important trade center on the road from Qaţţunan to Šubat-Enlil.[11]

Kingdom of Mari

During the reign of Zimri-Lim, Mari expanded into a "great kingdom" controlling the Middle Eurphates region, the confluence with the Balikh river, expanding along the Khabur river and controlling trade in the Lower Euphrates region.

Major cities included: Mari (capital), Terqa, Tuttul (near Balikh), Saggaratum (Khabur), Qattunun (Khabur).

The Kingdom of Mari was bordered by Babylon (Iraq) in the southeast. In the southwest, a trade route when by Palmyra to the Kingdom of Qatna (Syria). To the west was the Great Kingdom of Yamhad (Aleppo, Syria). To the northwest the Kingdom of Carchemish. To the north the "Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia" and the northeast Assyria. To the east Eshnunna. Under the "great kings" there were several lesser semi-autonomous petty kingdoms/city-states.

Mari Archive

Letter ARM 27 | A letter to Zimri-Lim by governors of the district of Qaṭṭunan (Khabur River): Ilsu-Naßir, Zakira-Hammu, Zimri-Addu, and Yatarum.[12]

Architecture

Palace

Investiture of Zimri-Lim, territory of Mari

In Mari, Zimri-Lim extended the Royal Palace of Mari (2.5 ha), which was possibly the largest at the time, containing over 260 rooms at the ground level, and certainly the envy of other kings. Around 1760 BC, it was damaged by Hammurabi of Babylon.[13]

He was known for his lavish banquets at which delicacies such as chickpea salad, fried locusts, and large amounts of desert truffle were served.[14]

Ice House

Louvre AO 20161 | Ice-House in Terqa

In Terqa, he constructed an "ice house" as recorded in a cuneiform tablet.[15]

Elamite War

He was also active on a wider stage, and around 1764 BC was allied with Hammurabi in his wars against Elam, Eshnunna, and Larsa, such as the during the Elamite War.[16] Zimri-Lim lent troops to Hammurabi's campaigns, and although the two kept extensive diplomatic contacts, it appears they never met in person.

Fall of Mari to Babylon

After the defeat of Elam, there was no outside force to keep the precarious balance of power between the Kings of Mesopotamia. The alliance between Zimri-Lim and Hammurabi deteriorated after Babylon's conquest of Larsa.[16] Around 1762 BC, Hammurabi conquered and sacked Mari (though it may be that the city had surrendered without a fight), despite the previous alliance. At this time, Zimri-Lim disappears from historical view, and is presumed to have been killed.

In the aftermath, Hammurabi completely destroyed Mari as a kingdom controlling the Midde Euphrates, creating a buffer zone. Terqa became the new center of the Kingdom of Ḫana further upstream away from Babylon.

Reconstruction

Regnal Years
Year Regnal Year Events
c. 1775 BC 1 Zimri-Lim becomes king of Mari; Year 18 of Hammmurabi of Babylon
c. 1774 BC 2
c. 1773 BC 3
c. 1772 BC 4 The Benjamite War: A massive revolt by the Binu-Yamina (Benjamites/Yaminites). Zimri-Lim defeats them at the battle of Saggaratum.
c. 1771 BC 5
c. 1770 BC 6
c. 1769 BC 7
c. 1768 BC 8
c. 1767 BC 9 The Elamite Threat: Zimri-Lim forms a "Great Alliance" with Hammurabi of Babylon to repel the invasion of the Elamites from the east.
c. 1766 BC 10
c. 1765 BC 11 The Journey to the West: Zimri-Lim travels to Ugarit on the Mediterranean coast. This was a famous diplomatic tour where he visited his father-in-law in Aleppo and Aplahanda in Carchemish. Start of the Elamite War.
c. 1764 BC 12 Hammurabi, supported by troops from his then-ally Zimri-Lim of Mari, first captured the border fortress of Mashkan-shapir. He then laid siege to Larsa itself, which fell after six months. The war ends, resulting in a Babylon and allied victory.
c. 1763 BC 13
c. 1762 BC 14
c. 1761 BC 15 Year 32 of Hammurabi who attacks Mari. Later, Mari is destroyed completely and the successor state Land of Hana centers on Terqa further northwest.


  • Zimri-Lim is known from a series of unsorted year-names.[17]
  • A reconstruction of events between Year 9 and 11.[18]

Attestations

  • Louvre AO 19826 | The Investiture of Mari.[19]
  • Louvre SH111538 | At Mari, a brick with the inscription: "Zimri-lim, the great king, he who accomplishes the works of the gods."[20]
  • Louvre AO 21988 | A cylinder seal "originally inscribed in the name of Ana-Sin-Taklaku, an official of Zimri-Lim, the cylinder was later acquired by Adad-Sharrum, who had the inscription erased and his own name engraved on it".[21]

See also

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References

  1. ^ Burke, Madeleine (1958). "Un nouveau nom d'annee du regne de Zimri-Lim?". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 52 (2): 57–59. JSTOR 23295698.
  2. ^ Sasson, J. M. (1998). "The king and I. A Mari king in changing perceptions". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 118 (4): 453–470. doi:10.2307/604782. hdl:1803/3562. JSTOR 604782.
  3. ^ Charpin, D. (1992). "Les legendes de sceaux de Mari: Nouvelles Données". In Young, Gordon D. (ed.). Mari in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Mari and Mari Studies. Eisenbrauns. pp. 59–76. ISBN 978-0-931464-28-7.
  4. ^ Nakata, I. (2011). The God Itūr-Mēr in the Middle Euphrates Region During the Old Babylonian Period. Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, . 105(1), 129-136. https://doi.org/10.3917/assy.105.0129.
  5. ^ Ziegler, N. Le Harem de Zimrî-Lîm, Florilegium marianum IV, Mémoires de NABU 5, Paris, 1999.
  6. ^ Sasson, Jack M. (December 1984). "Biblical Archaeologist Update: Zimri-Lim Takes the Grand Tour". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (4): 246–251. doi:10.2307/3209907. JSTOR 3209907. S2CID 165833360.
  7. ^ Sasson, Jack M. (June 1984). "Thoughts of Zimri-Lim". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (2): 110–120. doi:10.2307/3209891. JSTOR 3209891. S2CID 160052591.
  8. ^ Sasson, J. M. (1972). "Zimri-Lim's March to Victory". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 66 (2): 177–178. JSTOR 23295866.
  9. ^ Wasserman, Nathan. “On the Author of the Epic of Zimrī-Līm and Its Literary Context.” Archiv Für Orientforschung, vol. 53, 2015, pp. 52–56
  10. ^ Válek, F. (2022). The Epic of Zimrī-Lîm.
  11. ^ Gadalla, A. A. A. (2022). The City of Kahat in The light of what is reflected in The Texts of Mari and Tell Leilan. Maǧallaẗ Al-Itiḥād Al-ʿām Lil Aṯārīyin Al-ʿarab, 23(2), 71-126. doi: 10.21608/jguaa.2022.98465.1208
  12. ^ Heimpel, W. (2003). Translations of Texts from ARM 27. In Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary (pp. 411–471). Penn State University Press. https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh317.11
  13. ^ Gates, Marie-Henriette. “The Palace of Zimri-Lim at Mari.” The Biblical Archaeologist, vol. 47, no. 2, 1984, pp. 70–87
  14. ^ Shavit, E. (2008). "Truffles roasting in the evening fires: Pages from the history of desert truffles" (PDF). Fungi. 1 (3): 18–23.
  15. ^ Louvre AO 20161 [1]
  16. ^ a b Van de Mieroop, Marc (2005). King Hammurabi of Babylon (Third ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 16–78. ISBN 1-4051-2660-4.
  17. ^ https://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=year_names_zimri-lim
  18. ^ Heimpel, W. (2003). Reconstruction of Events during Years 9’ to 11’ of Zimri-Lim’s Reign. In Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary (pp. 37–164). Penn State University Press. https://doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh317.7
  19. ^ Paris, Louvre Museum AO 19826 [2]
  20. ^ Louvre Museum SH111538 [3]
  21. ^ Louvre AO 21988 [4]

Sources

  • Burke, Madeleine (1958). "Un nouveau nom d'annee du regne de Zimri-Lim?". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 52 (2): 57–59. JSTOR 23295698.
  • Charpin, D. (1992). "Les legendes de sceaux de Mari: Nouvelles Données". In Young, Gordon D. (ed.). Mari in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Mari and Mari Studies. Eisenbrauns. pp. 59–76. ISBN 978-0-931464-28-7.
  • Pappi, Cinzia. "Religion and Politics at the Divine Table: The Cultic Travels of Zimrī-Līm". Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East: Proceedings of the 54th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Würzburg 20–25 Jul, edited by Gernot Wilhelm, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2022, pp. 579–590
  • Heimpel, Wolfgang. "2. Reconstruction of Events during Years 9` to 11` of Zimri-Lim’s Reign". Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, 2021, pp. 37–164
  • Miglio, Adam E.. "ZIMRI-LIM’S CONDUCT OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS". Tribe and State: The Dynamics of International Politics and the Reign of Zimri-Lim, Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press, 2014, pp. 109–186
  • Sasson, J. M. (1972). "Zimri-Lim's March to Victory". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 66 (2): 177–178. JSTOR 23295866.
  • Sasson, Jack M. (June 1984). "Thoughts of Zimri-Lim". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (2): 110–120. doi:10.2307/3209891. JSTOR 3209891. S2CID 160052591.
  • Sasson, Jack M. (December 1984). "Biblical Archaeologist Update: Zimri-Lim Takes the Grand Tour". The Biblical Archaeologist. 47 (4): 246–251. doi:10.2307/3209907. JSTOR 3209907. S2CID 165833360.
  • Sasson, Jack M. (October 1998). "The King and I a Mari King in Changing Perceptions". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 118 (4): 453–470. doi:10.2307/604782. hdl:1803/3562. JSTOR 604782.
  • Van de Mieroop, Marc (2005). King Hammurabi of Babylon (Third ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 16–78. ISBN 1-4051-2660-4.
  • [5] Válek, František, "The Epic of Zimrī-Lîm.", Masters Dissertation, Czech Institute of Egyptology, Univerzita Karlova, Filozofická fakulta, 2022.
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