中美洲蹴球

座落在奇琴伊察的蹴球場。

中美洲蹴球（納瓦特爾語：ōllamalīztli，納瓦特爾語發音：[oːlːamaˈlistɬi]；馬雅語系語言：pitz；英語：Mesoamerican ballgame）是一種流行於古代中部美洲具有儀式關聯的體育活動。阿茲特克版本的此類活動，是今墨西哥錫那羅亞州Ulama（或作Ollama）球類運動的前身。[1]

中美洲蹴球有其重要儀式意義，主要的正式球賽都是作為儀式活動而舉行。這項運動也被作為兒童遊戲進行，且女性也可能從事於這種運動。[2]

這種球賽與活人獻祭有關，尤其是斬首。例如，埃爾塔欣有石板雕刻一個在球場上被犧牲的人，而奇琴伊察也有石板則雕刻一名被斬首且跪著的球賽參與者，蛇和植物從他的脖子上長出來，凸顯犧牲血液的再生滋養力量。與這種球賽相關的祭祀主題藝術遍佈整個中部美洲，從危地馬拉南海岸Bilbao遺址的雕塑，到發現於墨西哥中部的文獻資料中。在基切人的《波波爾·烏》也描述有關傳說故事。然而，儘管犧牲與球賽有密切聯繫，但其中犧牲的確切機制和意義仍無法被確認；目前仍無法確知是什麼人會被犧牲、在何種場合下犧牲，以及這種犧牲與球賽本身有何關聯。[3]

被發現有早於公元前1000年有關文物的遺址（以紅點標示）的地圖。

参考文献

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  3. ^ Earley, Authors: Caitlin C. The Mesoamerican Ballgame | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. [2024-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2025-02-07） （英语）. 
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延伸阅读

Berdan, Frances F. The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology 2nd. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. 2005. ISBN 0-534-62728-5. OCLC 55880584. 
California State University, Los Angeles, Department of Anthropology, "Proyecto Ulama 2003"（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, accessed October 2007.
Carrasco, David; Scott Sessions. Daily Life of the Aztecs: People of the Sun and Earth. The Greenwood Press "Daily Life Through History" series ISSN 1080-4749. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. 1998. ISBN 0-313-29558-1. OCLC 37552549. 
Christenson, Allen J. Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya: The Great Classic of Central American Spirituality. University of Oklahoma Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3839-8. 
Colas, Pierre; Alexander Voss. A Game of Life and Death – The Maya Ball Game. Nikolai Grube (ed.) (编). Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne, Germany: Könemann. 2006: 186–191. ISBN 3-8331-1957-8. OCLC 71165439. 
Espinoza, Mauricio. El Corazón del Juego: El Juego de Pelota Mesoamericano como Texto Cultural en la Narrativa y el Cine Contemporáneo. Istmo. 2002, 4 [2019-01-28]. ISSN 1535-2315. （原始内容存档于2007-05-24） （西班牙语）. 
Foster, Lynn V. Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World. Facts on File Library of World History. New York: Facts On File. 2002. ISBN 0-8160-4148-2. 
Hosler, Dorothy; Sandra Burkett; Michael Tarkanian. Prehistoric Polymers: Rubber Processing in Ancient Mesoamerica. Science. 1999-06-18, 284 (5422): 1988–1991. PMID 10373117. doi:10.1126/science.284.5422.1988. 
McKillop, Heather I. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-697-0. OCLC 56558696. 
Metropolitan Museum of Art. Recent Acquisitions, A selection 2001–2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2002, LX (2). ISSN 0026-1521. 
Miller, Mary Ellen. The Maya Ballgame: Rebirth in the Court of Life and Death. The Sport of Life and Death: The Mesoamerican Ballgame Published in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name organized by the Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC. New York: Thames & Hudson. 2001: 20–31. ISBN 0-500-05108-9. OCLC 49029226. 
Miller, Mary Ellen; Simon Martin. Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames & Hudson. 2004. ISBN 0-500-05129-1. OCLC 54799516. 
Wilcox, David R. The Mesoamerican Ballgame in the American Southwest. Vernon Scarborough; David R. Wilcox (编). The Mesoamerican Ballgame. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1991: 101–125. ISBN 0-8165-1180-2. OCLC 22765562. 
Zender, Mark. Glyphs for "Handspan" and "Strike" in Classic Maya Ballgame Texts (PDF). The PARI Journal. 2004, IV (4) [2019-01-28]. ISSN 0003-8113. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-10）. 

外部链接

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：中美洲蹴球
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