岩株

位于以色列南部马赫泰什拉蒙的盖瓦尼姆谷(英語:Gevanim Valley)中的一个三叠纪岩株,由碱性石英正长岩(英語:nordmarkite)组成。

岩株(英語:Stock)是地质学中的一个概念,指出露面积小于100平方公里(39平方英里)的火成侵入体[1][2]

岩株与岩基的成因相似,区别仅在于规模较小。岩株与其侵入的围岩之间呈不谐和的接触关系,即岩株会切穿围岩原有的层理和构造。许多岩株实际上是隐伏于地下的岩基向上凸出的穹顶部分。[3][2]一些平面轮廓呈圆形或椭圆形的岩株可能是火山颈——即已经熄灭的火山通道被岩浆充填后的残留体。[4][5]特别小的岩株在英文中称为“boss”。[6]

岩株由地壳深处的岩浆冷却凝固而成,主要由长英质火成岩构成,常见的岩石类型包括花岗岩石英二长岩闪长岩等。[7]

形成

岩株的地表露头看上去往往比较均一,但实际上具有复杂的演化历史和内部构造。一个岩株可由多个大小不等(通常至少达数公里)的独立火成岩体拼合而成。通常需要通过年龄测定、成分分析、岩石结构和构造特征等手段,才能在岩株内部区分出不同的岩石单元。每个岩石单元都是由各自独立的一次岩浆侵入活动冷却凝固而形成的。

这些深成火成岩体的形成与岩浆底辟的上升密切相关。岩浆底辟呈液态且温度极高,凭借与周围岩石的密度差产生的浮力,不断向上穿透围岩。大多数岩浆底辟并不会到达地表喷发为火山,而是在地下约 5 至 30 公里处停留下来,缓慢冷却凝固为深成岩。另有一种观点认为,深成岩体并非由大规模岩浆底辟整体上升形成,而是由许多较小体积的岩脉逐渐汇聚、积累而成。[8]

实例

世界各地有许多已被研究和记录的岩株实例:

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Gabler, R.E. et al. (2009) Physical Geography (9th edition), Cengage Learning Inc., page 390.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 513. ISBN 0-14-051094-X.
  3. ^ Albert, Fay H. (1947). A Glossary of the Mining and Mineral Industry. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 200.
  4. ^ Kikauka, Andris (1996). Geological, Geochemical, and Diamond Drilling Report on the Salal 1-6 Claims, Pemberton, B.C. (Report). Sooke, British Columbia: Geo-Facts. p. 7.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Gillen, C. (2003). Geology and Landscapes of Scotland (2nd edition). Dunedin. ISBN 978-1780460093.
  6. ^ Coash, John R. (1967). "Geology of the Mount Velma Quadrangle, Elko County, Nevada". Nevada Bureau of Mines Bulletin. 68: 16.
  7. ^ Petersen, James F.; Sack, Dorothy; Gabler, Robert E. (2017). Physical Geography (11th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning Inc. p. 614. ISBN 978-1-305-65264-4.
  8. ^ Hall, Clarence A. Jr. (2007). Introduction to the geology of southern California and its native plants. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780520249325.
  9. ^ Cook, Stephen J.; Bowman, John R. (1994). "Contact metamorphism surrounding the Alta stock: Thermal constraints and evidence of advective heat transport from calcite + dolomite geothermometry" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 79: 513–525.
  10. ^ S.G. Soloviev (2011). Compositional Features and Rare Metal Mineralization of the Hellroaring Creek Stock, Southeastern British Columbia (NTS 082F/09) – Geological Fieldwork 2011, Paper 2012-1 (PDF). British Columbia Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. pp. 181–198.
  11. ^ Mustard, D. K.; Campbell, C. B. (1971). Salal Creek Molybdenum Property (Report). Government of British Columbia. pp. 6, 7, 8, 9.
  12. ^ Aguilar, C.; Liesa, M.; Reche, J.; Powell, R. (2016). "Fluid-fluxed melting and melt loss in a syntectonic contact metamorphic aureole from the Variscan eastern Pyrenees". Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 34 (4): 379–400. doi:10.1111/jmg.12187.
  13. ^ Martínez, Lina Fernanda; Zuluaga C., Carlos A. (2010). "Thermal modeling of pluton emplacement and associated contact metamorphism: Parashi stock emplacement in the Serranía de Jarara (Alta Guajira, Colombia)". Earth Sciences Research Journal. 14 (2).
  14. ^ Pérez Torrado, F.J.; Carracedo, J.C. (2002). "Cenozoic volcanism II - the Canary Islands – Gran Canaria". In Gibbons, W.; Moreno, T. (eds.). The Geology of Spain. The Geological Society. p. 448. ISBN 1-86239-110-6.