巨蜥
| 巨蜥属 化石时期:中新世到現代
| |
|---|---|
| |
| 巨斑泽巨蜥 Varanus salvator macromaculatus | |
| 科学分类 | |
| 界: | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲: | 爬行綱 Reptilia |
| 目: | 有鳞目 Squamata |
| 科: | 巨蜥科 Varanidae |
| 属: | 巨蜥属 Varanus Merrem, 1820 |
| 模式種 | |
| 飾紋巨蜥 Varanus varius White, 1790
| |
| 亚属 | |
| |
巨蜥是巨蜥屬(学名:Varanus)的蜥蜴,包括了所有蜥蜴中最重的科莫多龍及最長的薩氏巨蜥。牠們的最近親是蛇蜥科及毒蜥屬。[1]
命名
巨蜥屬的學名是衍生自阿拉伯語的 「ورل」,意思是蜥蜴。[2]
特徵
巨蜥如其名都是體型巨大的,最短的也有0.8米長。牠們的頸長,尾巴及爪都很強壯,四肢發育良好。牠們大部份都是陸生的,也有棲息於樹上及半水生的。差不多所有巨蜥都是肉食性的,會吃哺乳類、鳥類、魚類、蛋、昆蟲類以及爬行類,只有葛氏巨蜥是吃果實的。[3]牠們是卵生的,每次生7-37隻蛋,牠們會將蛋埋在土中或藏在空心樹墩中。[4]
分佈
巨蜥属的分布范围非常广泛,属下物种遍布北非、西亚、中亚、南亚、东亚、东南亚和澳洲。
演化歷史
巨蜥的代謝率較高,有多種感官來捕獵獵物。研究發現巨蜥,包括科莫多龍有輕微的毒素(可使獵物流血不止,導致囋齒動物(但不是鳥類)立即癱瘓。在人類中,毒液會導致噁心和嘔吐、頭暈、最終全身肌肉疼痛、心跳加速、呼吸複雜和腹瀉,癥狀在短短20分鐘後出現,但在大約24小時後結束,儘管被咬區域的瘙癢可能至少持續2個月)。[1]由於蛇蜥科也是含有毒素,因而有學者認為所有有毒的蜥蜴及蛇是源自一個共同祖先,即Toxicofera演化支假說。[1]也有學者指蛇較為接近巨蜥,而多於其他現存的蜥蜴。後來這個理論被修改,將蛇改為鬣蜥亞目及蛇蜥亚目的姊妹分類。[1]
智商
巨蜥非常聰明,一些物種甚至可以數數。[6]在聖地牙哥動物園,一項研究將不同數目的蝸牛餵給非洲巨蜥,發現牠們可以數數到六。[6][7]尼羅河巨蜥是會合作覓食:一隻巨蜥會引開母鱷魚離開巢穴,其他的則進入吃鱷魚蛋。[6]作為餌誘的巨蜥之後會回來一同吃蛋。[6][7]在華盛頓史密森尼國家動物園(Smithsonian National Zoological Park)的科莫多龍可以辨認出動物園管理員,且似乎也有不同的性格。[7]
飼養
蜥是爬行類寵物市場的常客,當中普遍的是草原巨蜥,因為牠們體型細小、價廉,性格較為平靜。[2]尼羅河巨蜥、南非白喉巨蜥、澤巨蜥、紅樹巨蜥、翡翠巨蜥及科莫多龍都有被飼養繁殖。[2]飼養的巨蜥需要隱藏的地方及適合的基床。[2]籠內須有足以整條巨蜥進入的水池。[2]在野外,巨蜥會吃任何能夠駕馭的東西;但飼養下的會吃蟋蟀、超級麥皮蟲及齧齒目,有時也可以熟蛋、蠶、蚯蚓及餌魚。[2]不過,由於牠們依然具有掠食者本性及體型龐大,將牠們作為寵物也帶有危險性。
保育狀況
巨蜥屬是受到《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄二的保護。在印度南部的坦米爾納德邦及其他部份,捕捉或殺死巨蜥是非法的。這些地區過往都有食用巨蜥物種的肉[8]。除了在印度南部,尼泊爾亦有人以巨蜥的肉作食用或醫藥用途[9]。在泰國、澳大利亞及西非亦曾聽聞有人食用巨蜥。
下属物种

_(Photo_by_Xavier_MALLERET)_(24237560651).jpg)
- 標示†的物種已滅絕。
巨蜥屬
- 基群和地位未定
- †V. bolkayi[10]
- †達氏巨蜥 V. darevskii[11][12]
- †V. emeritus (=V. salvadorii?)[10]
- †郝益巨蜥 V. hooijeri[10]
- †霍夫曼巨蜥 V. hofmanni[10]
- †V. lungui[10]
- †獵羊巨蜥 V. marathonensis
- †莫克拉巨蜥 V. mokrensis[13]
- †V. pronini[10]
- †露辛加巨蜥 V. rusingensis[10][13]
- †西蒙巨蜥 V. semjonovi[10]
- †西瓦利巨蜥 V. sivalensis
- †V. tyrasiensis (=V. hofmanni?)[10]
- 黃巨蜥亞屬 Empagusia


- 紅樹巨蜥亞屬 Euprepiosaurus[14]
- 班奈特巨蜥 V. bennetti[15]
- 黯綠巨蜥 V. caerulivirens
- 斯蘭安汶樹巨蜥 V. cerambonensis
- 寇氏巨蜥 V. colei[16]
- 藍尾巨蜥 V. doreanus
- 普拉蘭巨蜥 V. douarrha
- 芬西樹巨蜥 V. finschi
- 紅樹巨蜥 V. indicus
- 桃喉巨蜥 V. jobiensis
- 倫內爾島樹巨蜥 V. juxtindicus
- 利龍巨蜥 V. lirungensis
- 路易西亞德巨蜥 V. louisiadensis[17]
- 黃樹巨蜥 V. melinus[18]
- 焰色巨蜥 V. obor
- 昆特氏樹巨蜥 V. rainerguentheri
- 偏遠巨蜥 V. semotus[19]
- 塔寧巴爾巨蜥 V. tanimbar[17]
- 塚本巨蜥 V. tsukamotoi[15]
- 三色巨蜥 V. yuwonoi
- 銀樹巨蜥 V. zugorum

- 樹巨蜥亞屬 Hapturosaurus


_from_Barangay_Dibuluan%252C_San_Mariano_-_ZooKeys-266-001-g069.jpg)
- 侏儒巨蜥亞屬 Odatria
- 刺尾巨蜥 V. acanthurus
- 紅刺尾巨蜥 V. a. acanthurus, 模式亞種
- 黃刺尾巨蜥 V. a. brachyurus,短尾亞種
- 孔雀巨蜥 V. auffenbergi
- 短尾巨蜥 V. brevicauda
- 布氏侏儒巨蜥 V. bushi
- 條紋尾巨蜥 V. caudolineatus
- 海灣尾巨蜥 V. citrinus[22]
- 沙生巨蜥 V. eremius
- 吉蘭巨蜥 V. gilleni
- 長尾岩巨蜥 V. glauerti
- 寬足巨蜥 V. glebopalma
- 哈默斯利巨蜥 V. hamersleyensis
- 格魯特島巨蜥 V. insulanicus[22]
- 白格魯特島巨蜥 V. i. baritji
- 金氏巨蜥 V. kingorum
- 米卓氏水巨蜥 V. mitchelli
- 史氏巨蜥 V. ocreatus[22]
- 皮爾巴拉岩巨蜥 V. pilbarensis
- 北部鈍刺巨蜥 V. primordius
- 帶壯樹巨蜥 V. scalaris
- 銹色巨蜥 V. semiremex
- 近似巨蜥 V. similis
- 罕見巨蜥 V. sparnus
- 東部史東巨蜥 V. storri
- 帝汶巨蜥 V. timorensis
- 黑頭巨蜥 V. tristis
- 模式亞種 V. t. tristis
- 雀斑巨蜥 V. t. orientalis,東部亞種
- 刺尾巨蜥 V. acanthurus

- 非洲巨蜥亞屬 Polydaedalus

.jpg)
- 荒漠巨蜥亞屬 Psammosaurus
- 荒漠巨蜥 V. griseus
- 西部荒漠巨蜥 V. g. griseus,模式亞種
- 東部荒漠巨蜥 V. g. caspius,裏海亞種
- 印度荒漠巨蜥 V. g. koniecznyi,孔氏亞種
- 內氏巨蜥 V. nesterovi
- 荒漠巨蜥 V. griseus
- 所羅門巨蜥亞屬 Solomonsaurus[23]
- 所羅門巨蜥 V. spinulosus

- 澤巨蜥亞屬 Soterosaurus
- 邦貢巨蜥 V. bangonorum[24]
- 庫氏巨蜥 V. cumingi
- 維氏巨蜥 V. dalubhasa[24]
- 大理石澤巨蜥 V. marmoratus
- 白頭澤巨蜥 V. nuchalis
- 巴拉望巨蜥 V. palawanensis
- 拉氏巨蜥[25][26] V. rasmusseni
- 粗脖巨蜥 V. rudicollis
- 澤巨蜥 V. salvator
- 亞洲澤巨蜥 V. s. salvator,模式亞種
- 安達曼澤巨蜥 V. s. andamanensis,安達曼亞種
- 雙帶澤巨蜥 V. s. bivittatus,雙紋亞種
- 巨斑澤巨蜥 V. s. macromaculatus,大斑亞種
- 齊氏亞種 V. s. ziegleri
- 薩馬巨蜥 V. samarensis
- 湯加澤巨蜥 V. togianus
.jpg)
- 真巨蜥亞屬 Varanus
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Fry, B.G.; Vidal, N; Norman J.A.; Vonk F.J.; Scheib, H.; Ramjan S.F.R; Kuruppu S.; Fung, K.; Hedges, B.; Richardson M.K.; Hodgson, W.C.; Ignjatovic, V.; Summerhays, R.; Kochva, E. Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes. Nature. February 2006, 439: 584–8 [2009-08-26]. doi:10.1038/nature04328. (原始内容存档于2009-04-19).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Robert George Sprackland. Giant lizards. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. 1992: 61. ISBN 0-86622-634-6.
- ^ Greene, Harry W. Diet and Arboreality in the Emerald Monitor, Varanus Prasinus, With Comments on the Study of Adaptation. Field Museum of Natural History. 1986. ISBN 9998057760.
- ^ Bauer, Aaron M. Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. , 编. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. 1998: 157–159. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
- ^ Smith, Kerri. Dragon virgin births startle zoo keepers. Nature. [2006-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-09).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 King, Dennis & Green, Brian. Goannas: The Biology of Varanid Lizards. University of New South Wales Press. 1999: 43. ISBN 0-86840-456-X.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Pianka, E.R.; King, D.R. and King, R.A. Varanoid Lizards of the World. Indiana University Press. 2004.
- ^ Meats We Also Eat. The Telegraph India. 2017-01-08 [2018-08-12]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-12) (英语).
- ^ Ghimire, H. R., Phuyal, S., & Shah, K. B. Protected species outside the protected areas: People's attitude, threats and conservation of the Yellow Monitor (Varanus flavescens) in the Far-western Lowlands of Nepal. Journal for Nature Conservation. 2014, 22 (6): 497–503. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2014.08.003.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Molnar, Ralph E. The Long and Honorable History of Monitors and their Kin. Pianka, Eric R.; King, Dennis R.; King, Ruth Allen (编). Varanoid Lizards of the World. Indiana University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-253-34366-6.
- ^ Pianka, Eric R.; King, Dennis; King, Ruth Allen. Varanoid Lizards of the World. Indiana University Press. 2004: 40, 106. ISBN 978-0-253-34366-6 (英语).
- ^ Villa, Andrea; Abella, Juan; Alba, David M.; Almécija, Sergio; Bolet, Arnau; Koufos, George D.; Knoll, Fabien; Luján, Àngel H.; Morales, Jorge; Robles, Josep M.; Sánchez, Israel M. Revision of Varanus marathonensis (Squamata, Varanidae) based on historical and new material: morphology, systematics, and paleobiogeography of the European monitor lizards. PLOS ONE. 2018-12-05, 13 (12). Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1307719V. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6281198
. PMID 30517172. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207719
(英语).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Ivanov, Martin; Ruta, Marcello; Klembara, Jozef; Böhme, Madelaine. A new species of Varanus (Anguimorpha: Varanidae) from the early Miocene of the Czech Republic, and its relationships and palaeoecology (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2018-07-15, 16 (9): 767–797 [2020-08-26]. Bibcode:2018JSPal..16..767I. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 73543240. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1355338. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-04-27).
- ^ Ziegler, Thomas; Schmitz, Andreas; Koch, Andre; Böhme, Wolfgang (2007). "A review of the subgenus Euprepiosaurus of Varanus (Squamata: Varanidae): morphological and molecular phylogeny, distribution and zoogeography, with an identification key for the members of the V. indicus and the V. prasimus species groups". Zootaxa 1472: 1-28.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Weijola, Valter; Vahtera, Varpu; Koch, André; Schmitz, Andreas; Kraus, Fred. Taxonomy of Micronesian monitors (Reptilia: Squamata: Varanus): endemic status of new species argues for caution in pursuing eradication plans. Royal Society Open Science. 2020, 7 (5). Bibcode:2020RSOS....700092W. PMC 7277287
. PMID 32537217. doi:10.1098/rsos.200092
.
- ^ Böhme, Wolfgang. The Kei Islands Monitor Lizard (Squamata: Varanidae: Varanus: Euprepiosaurus) as a Distinct Morphological, Taxonomic, and Conservation Unit. Russian Journal of Herpetology. 2019-11-23, 26 (5): 272–280. S2CID 213867767. doi:10.30906/1026-2296-2019-26-5-272-280.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Weijola, Valter; Kraus, Fred. Two new species of monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanus) endemic to the Louisiade and Tanimbar archipelagos. Journal of Natural History. 2023, 57 (13–16): 947–975. doi:10.1080/00222933.2023.2218574
.
- ^ Weijola, Valter; Sweet, Samuel. A new melanistic species of monitor lizard (Reptilia: Squamata: Varanidae) from Sanana Island, Indonesia (PDF). Zootaxa. 2010, 2434: 17–32. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2434.1.2.
- ^ Weijola, Valter; Donnellan, Stephen; Lindqvist, Christer. A new blue-tailed Monitor lizard (Reptilia, Squamata, Varanus) of the Varanus indicus group from Mussau Island, Papua New Guinea. ZooKeys. 2016, (568): 129–54. Bibcode:2016ZooK..568..129W. PMC 4829673
. PMID 27103877. doi:10.3897/zookeys.568.6872
.
- ^ Varanus keithhornei, The Reptile Database
- ^ Eidenmüller, Bernd; Wicker, Rudolf (2005). "Eine weitere neue Waranart aus dem Varanus prasinus-Komplex von den Insel Misol, Indonesian ". Sauria 27 (1): 3-8. (Varanus reisingeri, new species). (in German).
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Pavón-Vázquez, Carlos J.; Esquerré, Damien; Fitch, Alison J.; Maryan, Brad; Doughty, Paul; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Keogh, J. Scott. Between a rock and a dry place: phylogenomics, biogeography, and systematics of ridge-tailed monitors (Squamata: Varanidae: Varanus acanthurus complex)
. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2022-08-01, 173. Bibcode:2022MolPE.17307516P. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 35577290. S2CID 248807709. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107516 (英语).
- ^ Bucklitsch, Yannick. Scale Morphology and Micro-Structure of Monitor Lizards (Squamata: Varanidae: Varanus spp.) and their Allies: Implications for Systematics, Ecology, and Conservation. Zootaxa. 2016-08-17, 4153 (1): 1–192. PMID 27615821. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4153.1.1.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Brendan M. Lynch. Undercover researchers expose two new species of lizard for sale on Philippine black market. KU Today. KU | The University of Kansas. 2015-01-12.
- ^ Koch, André; Gaulke, Maren; Böhme, Wolfgang (2010). "Unravelling the underestimated diversity of Philippine water monitor Lizards (Squamata: Varanus salvator complex), with description of two new species and a new subspecies". Zootaxa 2446: 1-54. (Varanus rasmusseni, new species, p. 28).
- ^ Varanus rasmusseni, The Reptile Database
_(7803831640).jpg)