弹幕

弹幕(英語:barrage)在军事术语中是指沿一条线状地带内一系列点位实施的大规模持续炮兵火力[1]。除杀伤处于毁伤区域内的任何敌军有生力量外,弹幕旨在压制敌方机动并阻断其穿越该弹幕封锁线的企图[2]。沿该线分布的各弹着点间距约为20至30碼(18至27米),而整条弹幕封锁线的总长度可从数百码延伸至数千码不等。弹幕可由多条此类火力线构成,线间距通常约为100码(约91米),并可随时间推移从一条火线逐次转移至下一条火线,亦或同时对多条火线实施轰击。
一次弹幕射击可动用少量或大量炮兵部隊,极罕见情况下甚至仅动用一门火炮[3][4]。通常情况下,参与弹幕射击的每一门火炮均采用曲射火力方式,遵照弹幕射击的详细时间表,在规定的时段内以稳定的射速向各自指定的点位实施持续射击,随后转向下一目标。弹幕射击通常使用高爆榴弹,但亦可使用榴霰弹、发烟弹、照明弹、毒气弹(第一次世界大战中)或其它潜在的化学药剂。弹幕射击与集中射击具有显著区别,后者针对的是诸如已知敌方阵地或建筑物之类的单一特定目标;它与旨在打击火炮视线范围内目标的直射火力亦有所不同。
弹幕可用于防御或进攻目的,并具备多种射击样式。防御性弹幕通常为静态(例如固定弹幕),而进攻性弹幕则与友军推进部队协同移动(例如徐进弹幕、滚动弹幕或阻断弹幕)。其火力可沿前沿施加,亦可深入敌后区域以孤立特定敌方阵地(例如箱形弹幕)。随着战斗发展,可组合运用一系列不同的射击样式,每次弹幕持续时间短则数分钟,长则数小时。弹幕射击通常是多支部队(从师到集团军级)参与的大规模作战行动的组成部分,需要数日至数周的筹备与精确计划。
弹幕战术由英国陆军在第二次布尔战争中创立。该战术在第一次世界大战中声名鹊起,尤以英国远征军的运用为代表;特别是自1915年末起,英军意识到,利用火炮实施压制性掩护射击,是突破敌方防御阵地的关键所在。至1916年底,“蠕行弹幕”(Creeping Barrage)已成为支援步兵进攻的标准炮火运用模式:步兵紧随前移的弹幕之后,尽可能贴近炮火推进。这种战术的运用表明,人们已认识到火炮射击的重点在于压制或瘫痪敌军,而非将其彻底摧毁。实践证明,由步兵紧随其后的移动弹幕突击,其成效远胜过长达数周的战前预备炮击。
在第二次世界大战及随后的冲突中,弹幕射击战术依然沿用,但它已不再是唯一的手段,而仅是众多火炮战术中的一种;这些战术的丰富与发展,得益于射击诸元推算、目标定位及通信技术等领域的进步。值得一提的是,在通俗媒体中,“弹幕”(Barrage)一词常被广为借用,泛指任何形式的火炮射击,尽管从严格的军事技术角度来看,这种用法并不准确。
参考文献
- ^ “弹幕”新解 - 解放军报 - 中国军网. www.81.cn. [2026-04-19].
- ^ 威震老山的炮兵徐进弹幕:步炮配合精确到秒,炸得越军尸横遍野. www.sohu.com. [2026-04-19].
- ^ “弹幕”新解_手机凤凰网. inews.ifeng.com. [2026-04-19].
- ^ 网易. 战争史上重要的战术创新之一,步炮配合精确到秒的弹幕徐进战术. www.163.com. 2019-07-24 [2026-04-19].
书目
- Bidwell, Shelford, Artillery Tactics 1939-45, Almark, 1976
- Blackburn, George G., The Guns of Normandy, The Guns of Victory, and Where the Hell are the Guns McClellandStewart, 1995–97.
- Griffith, Paddy. Battle Tactics of the Western Front: British Army's Art of Attack, 1916-18. Yale. 1996.
- Hogg, Ian V. Barrage: the Guns in Action. Macdonald. 1971.
- Pakenham, Thomas, The Boer War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1979, ISBN 0-297-77395-X
- Artillery in World War II—The field artillery organisation, tactics, gunnery methods and regiments of the Royal Artillery and the artilleries of British Commonwealth. [2 January 2010]. A large and detailed site on Royal Artillery methods in World War II
- US Launches Barrage in Southern Baghdad Reuters, 29 April 2007. Example of misuse of term barrage. Retrieved on 24 October 2007.
- Falls, Cyril. Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. 2 Part II. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. 1930. OCLC 256950972.
外部链接
- British Artillery in WWII Fire Planning detailed account of barrage techniques on a site devoted to technicalities of British artillery. Retrieved on 19 November 2007.
- Historical Artillery and Mortar Tactics an excellent summary of artillery tactics, mainly World War II, including details of the fire pattern sizes used by different guns and units making up the barrage
- Artillery Terms and Tactics glossary of Vietnam era US artillery terminology
- 2nd New Zealand Divisional Artillery: Planning Supercharge detailed account of a barrage plan
- New York Times extracts 19 July 1918 reporting Pershing's communique including references to several tactical uses of barrages by US and German forces Retrieved on 6 November 2007