水解是一种化工单元过程,是物質與水反應,利用水形成新物质的过程。通常是指鹽類的水解平衡。不包含澱粉酶分解。
無機物的水解
无机物在水中分解通常是双分解过程,属于复分解反应。水分子也被分解成氢离子和氢氧根,和被水解的物质残片结合形成新物质,如:
![{\displaystyle {\mathrm {Cl} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}{}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}\mathrm {Cl} {\vphantom {A}}^{+}{}+{}\mathrm {Cl} {\vphantom {A}}^{-}}}](./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0d416694a701aba2dca57d23bf0e34ea25d90da.svg)
![{\displaystyle {\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}\mathrm {O} {}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}^{+}{}+{}\mathrm {OH} {\vphantom {A}}^{-}}}](./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81f1e4589d31b5a5a7bbaba2a01aa520d69c4f7f.svg)


![{\displaystyle {\mathrm {Na} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}\mathrm {CO} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}{}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}2\,\mathrm {Na} {\vphantom {A}}^{+}{}+{}\mathrm {CO} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}{\vphantom {A}}^{2-}}}](./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac8de94a46ab94f115644c216fd0c778c60bd329.svg)
![{\displaystyle {\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}\mathrm {O} {}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}^{+}{}+{}\mathrm {OH} {\vphantom {A}}^{-}}}](./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81f1e4589d31b5a5a7bbaba2a01aa520d69c4f7f.svg)

![{\displaystyle {\mathrm {Na} {\vphantom {A}}^{+}{}+{}\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}^{+}{}+{}\mathrm {CO} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}{\vphantom {A}}^{2-}{}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}\mathrm {NaHCO} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}}}](./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef63fa282e4c25edca2f7cf9554f2df3419b86c0.svg)
![{\displaystyle {\mathrm {NH} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{4}}\mathrm {Cl} {}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}\mathrm {NH} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{4}}{\vphantom {A}}^{+}{}+{}\mathrm {Cl} {\vphantom {A}}^{-}}}](./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d6ba750863e0edca92fa20ce3d8be10bc027f35c.svg)
![{\displaystyle {\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}\mathrm {O} {}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}^{+}{}+{}\mathrm {OH} {\vphantom {A}}^{-}}}](./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81f1e4589d31b5a5a7bbaba2a01aa520d69c4f7f.svg)
![{\displaystyle {\mathrm {NH} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{4}}{\vphantom {A}}^{+}{}+{}\mathrm {OH} {\vphantom {A}}^{-}{}\mathrel {\longrightarrow } {}\mathrm {NH} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{3}}\,{\cdot }\,\mathrm {H} {\vphantom {A}}_{\smash[{t}]{2}}\mathrm {O} }}](./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/22ef1f72b8951a1325200345addbc4267dbc6875.svg)

有機物的水解
有机物的分子一般都比较大,水解时需要酸或碱作为催化剂,有时也用生物活性酶作为催化剂。酯会水解成酸和醇[1] ;在酸性水溶液(稀釋鹽酸溶液)中脂肪会水解成甘油和脂肪酸;淀粉会水解成葡萄糖;蛋白质会水解成氨基酸等分子量比较小的物质。
在鹼性水溶液中,脂肪會分解成甘油和固體脂肪酸鹽(即香皂),因此這種水解也叫作皂化反應。
参见
參考資料
- ^ 魏榮寳; 阮偉祥; 梁婭. 有機化學. 北京: 化學工業出版社.