涡虫纲

涡虫纲化石时期：可能的奥陶纪记录
	貝氏偽角扁蟲（Pseudobiceros bedfordi）
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
演化支：	腎管動物 Nephrozoa
演化支：	原口动物 Protostomia
演化支：	螺旋動物 Spiralia
演化支：	吮食动物 Rouphozoa
门：	扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes
纲：	涡虫纲 Turbellaria; Ehrenberg, 1831
传统分类中包含的子类群
	無腸目 Acoela（現屬無腔動物）; 鏈渦蟲目 Catenulida; 單咽渦蟲目 Haplopharyngida; 卵黄皮目 Lecithoepitheliata; 大口渦蟲目 Macrostomida; 紐渦蟲目 Nemertodermatida（現屬無腔動物）; 新棒腸目 Neorhabdocoela; 多歧腸目 Polycladida; 原卵黄目 Prolecithophora; 原順列目 Proseriata; 三歧腸目 Tricladida;
传统分类中未包含，但在; 演化层面上包含的演化支
	新皮總綱 Neodermata 吸蟲綱 Trematoda; 單殖綱 Monogenea; 絛蟲綱 Cestoda; ;

渦蟲綱（學名：Turbellaria）是扁形动物门一個綱，傳統上包括所有非寄生的扁形動物物種。大约有4500个物种，长度从1 mm（0.039英寸）到超过500 mm（20英寸）长的大型淡水物种^[3]或陆生物种，如长达600 mm（24英寸）的柯氏廣頭地渦蟲（Bipalium kewense）。渦蟲綱包含陸生及水生物種，大多數渦蟲為海生，在底泥、岩石、海藻上爬行；淡水渦蟲生活在池塘、溪流的石块下；陸生渦蟲大多為夜行性，棲息在落葉或腐木等陰濕處。渦蟲表具纤毛，摆动时积水呈涡状。所有较大型的生物都是扁平的，形状像带状或叶状，因为它们没有呼吸和循环系统，这意味着它们必须依靠扩散作用来进行代謝產物的内部运输。不过，许多小型生物的横截面是圆形的。它们大多是掠食者或食腐動物，都生活在水中或潮湿的陆地环境中。大多數的形態都是有性生殖，除了少數例外，所有的形態都是同時雌雄同體。

無腔動物（Acoelomorpha）和异涡虫属（Xenoturbella）属以前被归入涡虫纲，但现在已不再被视为扁形动物。所有专门寄生的扁形动物组成了单系的新皮總綱（Neodermata），人们一致认为它们是自由生活的扁形动物中一个小亚群的后裔。因此，传统定义中的 “涡虫纲 ”属于並系群。

分類

渦蟲綱傳統上包括所有扁形動物門之下的非寄生物種。但根據分子生物學證據，渦蟲類已被證實為並系群，原來屬於寄生物種的三個綱（吸蟲綱、單殖綱和絛蟲綱）都是渦蟲類物種的直系分支，加上渦蟲綱內有兩個目獨立成另一門，較新的文獻已不再使用本分類。

大多數一般人接觸最多的渦蟲類物種都屬於三歧腸目。2008年以後的研究確認了：無腸目和紐渦蟲目其實並不屬於扁形動物，而是屬於獨立的無腔動物；而鏈渦蟲目的物種亦較早與其他扁形動物門的物種分化。這兩個分類群在較新的文獻已不再被認為是渦蟲類物種。然而在医学寄生虫学，基本上仍然沿用舊有的分類。

傳統分類

以下為傳統的渦蟲綱下屬分類，可分為11個目：

無腸目 Acoela（現屬無腔動物）
鏈渦蟲目 Catenulida
單咽渦蟲目 Haplopharyngida
卵黄皮目 Lecithoepitheliata
大口渦蟲目 Macrostomida
紐渦蟲目 Nemertodermatida（現屬無腔動物）
多歧腸目 Polycladida
原卵黄目 Prolecithophora
原順列目 Proseriata
棒腸目 Rhabdocoela
三歧腸目 Tricladida

演化樹

扁形動物門

鏈渦蟲亞門 Catenulidea	鏈渦蟲目

被桿體亞門

大口渦蟲亞綱

	單咽渦蟲目

	大口渦蟲目

Trepaxonemata

肥間質類

	Prorhynchida（卵黃皮目）

	多歧腸目

Gnosonesimora

Gnosonesimida

外黃卵類

棒腸目

	Kalyptorhynchia

	Dalytyphloplanida

原順列目

無中心體類

有暗體類

原卵黃目

	Fecampiida

	三歧腸目

裂腸新皮類

Bothrioplanata

裂腸渦蟲目

新皮總綱

	吸蟲綱

	單殖綱

	絛蟲綱

(寄生種)

渦蟲綱（並系群）

下属分类

本纲包括以下目：^[4]

Proplicastomata
- Proporoplanidae

目的地位未定的科：

Amyellidae
Anocellidae
Anonymidae
Apidioplanidae
Boniniidae
Callioplanidae
Candimboididae
Catenulidae
Cestoplanidae
Chordariidae
Chromoplanidae
Crassicolidae
Cryptocelidae
Dicteroidae
Didangiidae
Didymorchidae
Diphosthiidae
Diposthidae
Discocelididae
Discoprosthididae
Ditremageniidae
Enantiidae
Euplanidae
Euryleptidae
Euryleptididae
Faubelidae
Gnesiocerotidae
Haplopharyngidae
Hoploplanidae
Ilyplanidae
Koinocystidae
Laidlawiidae
Latocestidae
Leptoplanidae
Limnostylochidae
Macrostomidae
Mucroplanidae
Notoplanidae
Opisthogeniidae
Palauidae
Pericelidae
Phaenocelidae
Planoceridae
Plehniidae
Pleioplanidae
Polyposthiidae
Prosthiostomidae
Pseudocerotidae
Pseudostylochidae
Pterastricolidae
Retronectidae
- Myoretronectes Noreña-Janssen & Faubel, 1996
- Paracatenula Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
- Retronectes Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
  - Retronectes atypica Doe & Rieger, 1977
  - Retronectes clio Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
  - Retronectes euterpe Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
  - Retronectes hyacinthe^[5]
  - Retronectes melpomene Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
  - Retronectes sterreri Faubel, 1976
  - Retronectes terpsichore Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
  - Retronectes thalia Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
Stenostomidae
Stylochidae
- Cryptostylochus Faubel, 1983
- Distylochus Faubel, 1983
- Imogine Marcus & Marcus, 1968
- Kataria Faubel, 1983
- Katariana
- Leptostylochus Bock, 1925
- Mirostylochus Kato, 1937
- Pseudidioplana Prudhoe, 1989
- Stylochopsis Stimpson, 1857
- Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831
  - Stylochus alexandrinus Steinböck, 1937
  - Stylochus aomori (Kato, 1937)
  - Stylochus arenosus (Willey, 1897)
  - Stylochus argus Czerniavsky, 1881
  - Stylochus atentaculatus Hyman, 1953
  - Stylochus bermudensis Verrill, 1902
  - Stylochus californicus Hyman, 1953
  - Stylochus castaneus Palombi, 1939
  - Stylochus catus (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958)
  - Stylochus ceylanicus (Laidlaw, 1904)
  - Stylochus cinereus Willey, 1897
  - Stylochus conglomeratus (Stimpson, 1857)
  - Stylochus crassus Verrill, 1892
  - Stylochus djiboutiensis Meixner, 1907
  - Stylochus ellipticus (Girard, 1850)
  - Stylochus exiguus Hyman, 1953
  - Stylochus fafai (Marquina, Fernández-Álvarez & Noreña, 2015)
  - Stylochus ferox Bock, 1925
  - Stylochus flevensis Hofker, 1930
  - Stylochus franciscanus Hyman, 1953
  - Stylochus frontalis Verrill, 1893
  - Stylochus (Distylochus) fundae Cuadrado, Rodriguez, Moro, Grande & Noreña, 2021
  - Stylochus hamanensis Kato, 1944
  - Stylochus hyalinus Bock, 1913
  - Stylochus ijimai Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918
  - Stylochus inimicus^[6]
  - Stylochus insolitus Hyman, 1953
  - Stylochus (Distylochus) isifer (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955)
  - Stylochus izuensis Kato, 1944
  - Stylochus kimae (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
  - Stylochus lateotentare (Lee, Beal & Johnston, 2005)
  - Stylochus lesteri (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
  - Stylochus limosus (Stimpson, 1857)
  - Stylochus luteus (Muller J., 1854)
  - Stylochus marmoreus Bock, 1925
  - Stylochus (Distylochus) martae (Marcus, 1947)
  - Stylochus matatasi Newman, Cannon & Govan, 1993
  - Stylochus mcgrathi (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
  - Stylochus mediterraneus Galleni, 1976
  - Stylochus megalops (Schmarda, 1859)
  - Stylochus meganae (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
  - Stylochus meixneri Bock, 1925
  - Stylochus melihertani (Bulnes, 2010)
  - Stylochus meridianus Prudhoe, 1989
  - Stylochus minimus Palombi, 1940
  - Stylochus mistus Ramos-Sánchez, Carrasco-Rodríguez, Garcí-Madrigal & Bastida-Zavala, 2020
  - Stylochus miyadii Kato, 1944
  - Stylochus neapolitanus (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
  - Stylochus nebulosus (Girard, 1853)
  - Stylochus necopinata (Sluys, Faubel, Rajagopal & van der Velde, 2005)
  - Stylochus oculifera (Girard, 1853)
  - Stylochus orientalis Bock, 1913
  - Stylochus pardalotus (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
  - Stylochus pilidium (Goette, 1881)
  - Stylochus pillidum (Goette, 1881)
  - Stylochus plessisii Lang, 1884
  - Stylochus pulcher Hyman, 1939
  - Stylochus (Distylochus) pusillus (Bock, 1913)
  - Stylochus pygmaeus Merory & Newman, 2005
  - Stylochus qeshmensis (Maghsoudlou & Momtazi, 2014)
  - Stylochus refertus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1965
  - Stylochus rutilis Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918
  - Stylochus salis Cuadrado, Rodriguez, Moro, Grande & Noreña, 2021
  - Stylochus salmoneus Meixner, 1907
  - Stylochus sixteni (Marcus, 1947)
  - Stylochus speciosus (Kato, 1937)
  - Stylochus stellae (Marquina, Osca, Rodriguez, Fernandez-Despiau & Norena, 2014)
  - Stylochus stellatus Jennings & Newman, 1996
  - Stylochus suesensis Ehrenberg, 1831
  - Stylochus tauricus Jacubowa, 1909
  - Stylochus ticus Marcus, 1952
  - Stylochus tripartitus Hyman, 1953
  - Stylochus uniporus Kato, 1944
  - Stylochus vesiculatus Jakubova, 1909
  - Stylochus vigilax Laidlaw, 1904
  - Stylochus zanzibaricus Laidlaw, 1903
  - Stylochus zebra (Verrill, 1882)
Stylochocestidae
Stylochoididae
Stylochoplanidae
Taenioplanidae
Theamatidae
- Theama Marcus, 1949
  - Theama evelinae Marcus, 1949
  - Theama forrestensis Bulnes & Faubel, 2003
  - Theama mediterranea Curini-Galletti, Campus & Delogu, 2008^[7]
  - Theama occidua Sopott-Ehlers & Schmidt, 1975
Tyrrheniellidae

目和科的地位未定的属：

Adenoperta Antonius, 1968
Aorchis Barker & Parsons, 1915
Apoxenetes Ax, 1971
Asoleina Hyman, 1959
Boemigia Sabussow, 1902
Brabbinthes Allison, 1975
Bubaloceras Matjašic, 1958
Candimba Marcus, 1949
Caspiodendrocoelum Dyganova, 1976
Catenula Leblond, 1837
Celidotis Diesing, 1862
Centrostomum Diesing, 1862
Cephalolepta Diesing, 1850
Conoceros Lang, 1884
Coronhelmis Purasjoki, 1945
Darwinia Pereyaslawzewa, 1892
Dicelis Schmarda, 1859
Dicotylus Grube, 1872
Diplonchus Stimpson, 1857
Diporoplana Kohler, 1933
Discoprpsthides Faubel, 1983
Disorus Ehrenberg, 1828
Elasmodes Le Conte, 1851
Eukalyptorhynchia Meixner, 1928
Eumicrostomum Diesing, 1850
Euophthalmia Costa, 1882
Eustomum Leidy, 1851
Euvortex Sekera, 1906
Extremodera Pigulevsky, 1952
Fridmaniella Timoshkin & Zabrovskaya, 1985
Gasterotrichula Graff, 1912
Genneoceros Diesing, 1861
Geopaludicolia Komárek, 1920
Glossostoma Le Conte, 1851
Gnosonesimilia Westblad, 1953
Graffia Levinsen, 1879
Graffilla Korotneff, 1912
Heterostylochus Verrill, 1893
Homaloceraeus Schmarda, 1859
Itapis Marcus, 1952
Kleinenbergia Graff, 1912
Nautiloplana Stimpson, 1857
Neocryptocelis Prudhoe, 1989
Neoplana Girard, 1893
Oligocelis Stimpson, 1857
Oligoclada Pearse, 1938
Orthostoma Ehrenberg, 1828
Orthostomum Schmidt, 1852
Palana Faubel, 1983
Paradiscocelis Prudhoe, 1989
Parapseudoceros Prudhoe, 1989
Pararhynehella Ehlers & Ehlers, 1981
Penula Kelaart, 1858
Planoceroides Palombi, 1936
Platamonia Busch, 1851
Platydendron Simonetta & Delle-Cave, 1978
Pocillophynchus Brunet, 1973
Polyporus Plehn, 1897
Preminoma Karling, 1967
Proantroporus Mamkaev, 1967
Proaphanostomum An-der-Lan, 1936
Procotylus Korotneff, 1908
Promesostum Busquet, 1899
Rhodoplana Vayssière, 1906
Smigrostoma Örsted, 1845
Sphyrocephalus Schmarda, 1859
Tangarao Marcus, 1952
Telostoma Örsted, 1843
Tetracolylus Korotneff, 1912
Tetracotylus Korotneff, 1912
Thalattoplana Bock, 1925
Trachyplana Stimpson, 1857
Tricelis Ehrenberg, 1831
Typhlolepta Ørsted, 1843
Woodshollia Graff, 1912
Xaropoa Frölich, 1954

食物

渦蟲主要吃小的水生动物、动物尸体及动物内脏。寄生的吸收动物或植物体内的营养。

體型

大部分渦蟲的長度小於1cm，但熱帶的陸生種類長度可達120cm。

形状

多为黑色，体前端有两个可感光的眼体，两侧对称。吻位于身体的三分之二处，且無肛门。有背、腹之分。

参见

参考文献

^ Dirk Knaust. Remarkably preserved benthic organisms and their traces from a Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) mud flat. Lethaia. 2010, 43 (3): 344–356. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00196.x.
^ Dirk Knaust; André Desrochers. Exceptionally preserved soft-bodied assemblage in Ordovician carbonates of Anticosti Island, eastern Canada. Gondwana Research. 2019, 71: 117–128. Bibcode:2019GondR..71..117K. S2CID 134814852. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.01.016.
^ Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates
^ Turbellaria. GBIF. [2023-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.
^ Niels W. L. Van Steenkiste, Alana Closs, Tyrel Froese & Brian S. Leander (2023) Molecular phylogenetic position of a rare and enigmatic meiofaunal flatworm from the Pacific Ocean: Retronectes hyacinthe sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes: Catenulida), Systematics and Biodiversity, 21:1, DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2023.2221236
^ Prof. Arturo Palombi (1931) Stylochus inimicus sp. nov. Policlade acotileo commensale di Ostrea virginica Gmelin delle Coste della Florida, Bollettino di zoologia, 2:1, 219-226, DOI: 10.1080/11250003109434873
^ M. Curini‐Galletti , P. Campus & V. Delogu (2008) Theama mediterranea sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida), the first interstitial polyclad from the Mediterranean, Italian Journal of Zoology, 75:1, 77-83, DOI: 10.1080/11250000701690525

[1] Dirk Knaust. Remarkably preserved benthic organisms and their traces from a Middle Triassic (Muschelkalk) mud flat. Lethaia. 2010, 43 (3): 344–356. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00196.x.

[2] Dirk Knaust; André Desrochers. Exceptionally preserved soft-bodied assemblage in Ordovician carbonates of Anticosti Island, eastern Canada. Gondwana Research. 2019, 71: 117–128. Bibcode:2019GondR..71..117K. S2CID 134814852. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2019.01.016.

[3] Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates

[4] Turbellaria. GBIF. [2023-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.

[5] Niels W. L. Van Steenkiste, Alana Closs, Tyrel Froese & Brian S. Leander (2023) Molecular phylogenetic position of a rare and enigmatic meiofaunal flatworm from the Pacific Ocean: Retronectes hyacinthe sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes: Catenulida), Systematics and Biodiversity, 21:1, DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2023.2221236

[6] Prof. Arturo Palombi (1931) Stylochus inimicus sp. nov. Policlade acotileo commensale di Ostrea virginica Gmelin delle Coste della Florida, Bollettino di zoologia, 2:1, 219-226, DOI: 10.1080/11250003109434873

[7] M. Curini‐Galletti , P. Campus & V. Delogu (2008) Theama mediterranea sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida), the first interstitial polyclad from the Mediterranean, Italian Journal of Zoology, 75:1, 77-83, DOI: 10.1080/11250000701690525

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