游说集团
游说集团（英語：Lobbying），又称院外集团或政治游说，是嘗試影響立法人員或立法機構成員的政治決定或行為。遊說由許多不同類型的人員、組織與團體，包括私人機構、企業、部分已經同意遊說目的的立法人員、政府人員或利益團體進行。遊說人員可能是某個選舉區的投票者或已經形成共識的某個團體，也可能是一家公司員工。專業的遊說人員可以代表他們的客戶去影響立法、行政法規、政府決策、行為或政策。個人或非營利組織也可能進行遊說，比如一家公司總裁為了一項計畫與某位代表會談，一個積極份子可能為了某個理念跟立法人員倡議某項法案，政府時常會界定並管制有影響力的遊說團體。
美國
美国议会政治中很有代表性的政治现象。很多为利益集团代言、也有不少遊說集團也同時為公眾利益代言，对拥有立法权的参議院、众議院两院的议员进行游说，并从受益集团获取经济利益，这在美国的政治中心城市已经形成了一个产业链（旋轉門）。其代表人物是杰克·阿布拉莫夫，有美国游说业“教父”之称。
相關
參考文獻
- P. L. Petrillo, Form of government and lobbying in UE and UK, in (march, 2013) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011
- Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006
- GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry
- The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction
- The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed
- Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion
- Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call
- The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying
- Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)
- Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.
- Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code, PDF （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union, Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. February 2006 (PDF)
- Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 1/ 2010, S. 112-122
- Lobbying. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 22 December 2005 [2007-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-03）.
- Police loans inquiry is widenened. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 30 March 2006 [2007-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-15）.
延伸阅读
[在维基数据编辑]
外部連接
- 《大英百科全书》中的条目：Lobbying (Politics)（英文）
美國
- Lobbyists.info （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues.
- Top 25 Lobbying Groups. [2017-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2002-12-03）. - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999.
- LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database.
- OpenSecrets.org （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds.
- The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials.
- Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of "lobbying" as infringement on "right to petition" guaranteed by the First Amendment.
- Public Affairs Links
- First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry
- US Senate Lobbying-Database Search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
歐洲
- Public Affairs Jobs HQ - news, jobs for lobbyists and policy professionals （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- The Lobby Ticker （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received
- Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- PubAffairs - the public affairs network （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Public Affairs World （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- LobbyPlanet website
- Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- EuroBrussels, the European Affairs Jobsite （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- euroXpress www.euroxpress.es （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Spinwatch （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- The New EU, European Affairs Jobs Community
- Alliance for Lobbying Transparency （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - UK based campaign
- OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007