1994 Andalusian regional election

1994 Andalusian regional election
12 June 1994
All 109 seats in the Parliament of Andalusia
55 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered5,389,552 Increase 7.6%
Turnout3,625,445 (67.3%)
Increase 12.0 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Manuel Chaves Javier Arenas Luis Carlos Rejón
Party PSOE–A PP IULV–CA
Leader since 19 April 1990 25 July 1993 21 July 1988
Leader's seat Cádiz Seville Córdoba
Last election 62 seats, 49.6% 26 seats, 22.2% 11 seats, 12.7%
Seats won 45 41 20
Seat change Decrease 17 Increase 15 Increase 9
Popular vote 1,395,131 1,238,252 689,815
Percentage 38.7% 34.4% 19.1%
Swing Decrease 10.9 pp Increase 12.2 pp Increase 6.4 pp
  Fourth party
 
Leader Pedro Pacheco
Party PA–PAP
Leader since 1994
Leader's seat Cádiz
Last election 10 seats, 10.8%[a]
Seats won 3
Seat change Decrease 7
Popular vote 208,862
Percentage 5.8%
Swing Decrease 5.0 pp
Constituency results map for the Parliament of Andalusia
President before election

Manuel Chaves
PSOE–A

Elected President

Manuel Chaves
PSOE–A

A regional election was held in Andalusia on 12 June 1994 to elect the 4th Parliament of the autonomous community. All 109 seats in the Parliament were up for election. It was held concurrently with the 1994 European Parliament election.

The candidate for the PSOE, Manuel Chaves, was invested as President of the Regional Government of Andalusia after winning the election. However, the poor results obtained by his party forced him to form a minority government 10 seats short of a majority. Eventually, a snap election had to be called in 1996 due to the impracticality of government resulting from the union, at times, of the two main opposition parties (People's Party and United Left).

Overview

Under the 1981 Statute of Autonomy, the Parliament of Andalusia was the unicameral legislature of the homonymous autonomous community, having legislative power in devolved matters, as well as the ability to grant or withdraw confidence from a regional president.[1] The electoral and procedural rules were supplemented by national law provisions.[2]

Date

The term of the Parliament of Andalusia expired four years after the date of its previous election, unless it was dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than 25 days before the scheduled expiration date of parliament and published on the following day in the Official Gazette of the Regional Government of Andalusia (BOJA), with election day taking place 54 days after the decree's publication (barring any date within from 1 July to 31 August).[3] The previous election was held on 23 June 1990, which meant that the chamber's term would have expired on 23 June 1994. Due to the ban on summer elections, the latest possible date for election day was 30 June 1994, meaning the election decree was required to be published in the BOJA no later than 7 May 1994.

Amendments earlier in 1994 granted the regional president the prerogative to dissolve the Parliament of Andalusia at any given time and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process and that dissolution did not occur before one year after a previous one.[4]

The election to the Parliament of Andalusia was officially called on 19 April 1994 with the publication of the corresponding decree in the BOJA, setting election day for 12 June and scheduling for the chamber to reconvene on 5 July.[5][6]

Electoral system

Voting for the Parliament was based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age, registered in Andalusia and with full political rights, provided that they had not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence, nor were legally incapacitated.[7]

The Parliament of Andalusia had a minimum of 90 and a maximum of 110 seats, with electoral provisions fixing its size at 109. All were elected in eight multi-member constituencies—corresponding to the provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville, each of which was assigned an initial minimum of eight seats and the remaining 45 distributed in proportion to population (with the number of seats in each province not exceeding two times that of any other)—using the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional voting, with a three percent-threshold of valid votes (including blank ballots) in each constituency.[8] The use of this electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold depending on district magnitude and vote distribution.[9]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Parliament constituency was entitled the following seats:[10]

Seats Constituencies
18 Seville
16 Málaga
15 Cádiz
13 Córdoba, Granada
12 Jaén
11 Almería, Huelva

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacant seats; instead, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term were filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.[11]

Outgoing parliament

The table below shows the composition of the parliamentary groups in the chamber at the time of the election call.[12]

Parliamentary composition in April 1994
Parliamentary groups Parties Legislators
Seats Total
Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE–A 62 62
Andalusian People's Parliamentary Group PP 26 26
United Left/The Greens Parliamentary Group IULV–CA 11 11
Andalusian Parliamentary Group PA 6 6
Mixed Group PAP 4[b] 4

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list.[13]

Below is a list of the main parties and alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Vote % Seats
PSOE–A
List
 Manuel Chaves Social democracy 49.6% 62 Yes [14]
PP
List
  • People's Party (PP)
Javier Arenas Conservatism
Christian democracy 		22.2% 26 No [15]
[16]
[17]
IULV–CA
List
  • United Left/The Greens–Assembly for Andalusia (IULV–CA)
    – Communist Party of Andalusia (PCA)
    – Socialist Action Party (PASOC)
    – Republican Left (IR)
    – Collectives for the Unity of Workers (CUT)
Luis Carlos Rejón Socialism
Communism 		12.7% 11 No
PA–PAP
List
 Pedro Pacheco Andalusian nationalism
Social democracy
10.8%
[a] 		10 No [18]
[19]
[20]

Campaign

Debates

1994 Andalusian regional election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present[c]    S  Surrogate[d]  
 NI  Not invited   I  Invited    A  Absent invitee 
PSOE–A PP Audience Ref.
2 June Canal Sur
Antena 3 		Manuel Campo Vidal P
Chaves 		P
Arenas 		40.6%
(1,102,000) 		[21]
[22]

Opinion polls

The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading party's colour. If a tie ensues, this is applied to the figures with the highest percentages. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the parties with the highest percentages in a poll.

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organisations. When available, seat projections determined by the polling organisations are displayed below (or in place of) the percentages in a smaller font; 55 seats were required for an absolute majority in the Parliament of Andalusia.

Color key:

  Exit poll

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Victory preferences

The table below lists opinion polling on the victory preferences for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.

Victory likelihood

The table below lists opinion polling on the perceived likelihood of victory for each party in the event of a regional election taking place.

Results

Overall

← Summary of 12 June 1994 Parliament of Andalusia election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia (PSOE–A) 1,395,131 38.72 −10.88 45 −17
People's Party (PP) 1,238,252 34.36 +12.18 41 +15
United Left/The Greens–Assembly for Andalusia (IULV–CA) 689,815 19.14 +6.47 20 +9
Andalusian Coalition–Andalusian Power (PA–PAP)1 208,862 5.80 −4.95 3 −7
Communist Party of the Andalusian People (PCPA) 12,078 0.34 +0.11 0 ±0
Forum–Democratic and Social Centre (Foro–CDS) 9,875 0.27 −0.91 0 ±0
Andalusian Nation (NA)2 9,690 0.27 +0.21 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 5,510 0.15 +0.08 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2,637 0.07 −0.01 0 ±0
Socialist October (OS) 641 0.02 New 0 ±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 350 0.01 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 30,750 0.85 +0.41
Total 3,603,591 109 ±0
Valid votes 3,603,591 99.40 −0.16
Invalid votes 21,854 0.60 +0.16
Votes cast / turnout 3,625,445 67.27 +11.93
Abstentions 1,764,107 32.73 −11.93
Registered voters 5,389,552
Sources[12][23]
Footnotes:
  • 1 Andalusian Coalition–Andalusian Power results are compared to Andalusian Party totals in the 1990 election.
  • 2 Andalusian Nation results are compared to Andalusian Front of Liberation totals in the 1990 election.
Popular vote
PSOE–A
 
 38.72%
PP
 
 34.36%
IULV–CA
 
 19.14%
PA–PAP
 
 5.80%
Others
 
 1.13%
Blank ballots
 
 0.85%
Seats
PSOE–A
 
 41.28%
PP
 
 37.61%
IULV–CA
 
 18.35%
PA–PAP
 
 2.75%

Distribution by constituency

Constituency PSOE–A PP IULV–CA PA–PAP
% S % S % S % S
Almería 38.1 5 41.9 5 15.0 1 3.2 −
Cádiz 34.5 5 33.2 5 18.2 3 11.6 2
Córdoba 37.5 6 30.8 4 24.6 3 5.3 −
Granada 38.3 5 38.6 6 16.8 2 4.4 −
Huelva 44.1 5 33.3 4 15.7 2 5.2 −
Jaén 42.6 5 35.9 5 15.6 2 4.1 −
Málaga 34.3 6 36.5 6 22.4 4 4.7 −
Seville 42.0 8 30.6 6 19.5 3 5.8 1
Total 38.7 45 34.4 41 19.1 20 5.8 3
Sources[12][23]

Aftermath

Government formation

Investiture
Nomination of Manuel Chaves (PSOE–A)
Ballot → 20 July 1994 23 July 1994 29 July 1994[g]
Required majority → 55 out of 109 ☒N Simple ☒N Simple checkY
Yes
44 / 109
43 / 109
44 / 109
No
  • • PP (41) (40 on 20 Jul)
  • • IULV–CA (20) (until 23 Jul)
  • • PA–PAP (3) (until 23 Jul)
63 / 109
64 / 109
41 / 109
Abstentions
  • • PA–PAP (3) (on 29 Jul)
  • • IULV–CA (1) (on 29 Jul)
0 / 109
0 / 109
4 / 109
Absentees
  • • PSOE–A (1) (2 on 23 Jul)
  • • PP (1) (on 20 Jul)
2 / 109
2 / 109
1 / 109
Sources[12][24][25][26]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Results for PA in the 1990 election.
  2. ^ Manuel González Fustegueras, José Guerrero, Antonio Núñez and Pedro Pacheco, former PA legislators.
  3. ^ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  4. ^ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Within PA–PAP.
  6. ^ a b c Does not include non-resident citizens.
  7. ^ 19 IULV–CA MPs did not participate in 29 July vote.

References

Opinion poll sources

  1. ^ a b c d "Sondea, que algo queda". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 May 1995.
  2. ^ a b "Elecciones de 12 de junio de 1994 al Parlamento Andaluz". Revista de Derecho Político (in Spanish). 1996.
  3. ^ "El PSOE necesitará el apoyo de Izquierda Unida para poder gobernar en Andalucía". El Mundo (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  4. ^ a b c "Los socialistas ganarán las elecciones en Andalucía". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  5. ^ "El PP gana las europeas por seis puntos y el PSOE pierde la mayoría absoluta en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  6. ^ "Cualquier coalición será posible para formar Gobierno en Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  7. ^ "Metra-Seis atribuye de 41 a 46 escaños al PSOE y de 35 a 39 al PP". ABC (in Spanish). 5 June 1994.
  8. ^ "La última encuesta del CIS confirma que el PSOE perderá la mayoría absoluta". ABC (in Spanish). 3 June 1994.
  9. ^ "El PSOE perderá votos en toda Andalucía pero podrá gobernar si le apoyan los andalucistas". El Mundo (in Spanish). 16 May 1994.
  10. ^ "El PSOE echa el resto en Andalucía para salvar la mayoría absoluta que le arrebatan las encuestas". ABC (in Spanish). 27 May 1994.
  11. ^ "Una encuesta del CIS confirma la pérdida de la mayoría absoluta del PSOE y la subida de PP e IU-CA". ABC (in Spanish). 21 May 1994.
  12. ^ a b c "El PSOE volverá a ganar en Andalucía, pero el PP acorta distancias y se sitúa a sólo tres puntos". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 17 April 1994.
  13. ^ "Una encuesta realizada por el PSOE refleja que los socialistas perderían la mayoría absoluta". ABC (in Spanish). 7 April 1994.
  14. ^ "El PP maneja un sondeo que le concede un máximo de 41 escaños y al PSOE hasta 53 diputados". ABC (in Spanish). 7 March 1994.
  15. ^ "Una encuesta para el PP prevé la pérdida de la mayoría absoluta del PSOE en el Parlamento de Andalucía". ABC (in Spanish). 15 December 1993.
  16. ^ "El PSOE perdería la mayoría absoluta, según una encuesta del PP". ABC (in Spanish). 15 December 1993.
  17. ^ a b c "Preelectoral Andalucía 1994 (I) (Estudio nº 2102. Abril-mayo 1994)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 3 June 1994.
  18. ^ "El PSOE supera en siete puntos al PP en las elecciones andaluzas, según el CIS". El País (in Spanish). 3 June 1994.
  19. ^ a b c "Situación social y política de Andalucía (V) (Estudio nº 2089. Abril-mayo 1994)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 20 May 1994.
  20. ^ "Los populares andaluces se acercan a 6,8 puntos de los socialistas". El País (in Spanish). 20 May 1994.
  21. ^ "Opinión pública y cultura política en las Comunidades Autónomas: Andalucía (Estudio nº 2025. Noviembre 1992)" (PDF). CIS (in Spanish). 24 November 1992.

Other

  1. ^ Statute (1981), arts. 25, 30–31 & 33.
  2. ^ LEAn (1986), final prov. 1.
  3. ^ Statute (1981), art. 26; LEAn (1986), arts. 14–15 (suppl. by LOREG (1985), art. 42).
  4. ^ LGAAn (1983), arts. 14 & 55–56 (am. by LGAAn (1994), art. 1).
  5. ^ Decree 85/1994 (1994), arts. 1 & 4.
  6. ^ Narváez, Diego (19 April 1994). "Chaves convoca elecciones en el momento más crítico para el PSOE andaluz". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  7. ^ Statute (1981), arts. 26 & 28; LEAn (1986), art. 2 (suppl. by LOREG (1985), arts. 2–3).
  8. ^ Statute (1981), arts. 26 & 28; LEAn (1986), arts. 16–18.
  9. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  10. ^ Decree 85/1994 (1994), art. 2.
  11. ^ LEAn (1986), art. 19 (suppl. by LOREG (1985), arts. 46 & 48).
  12. ^ a b c d Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones al Parlamento de Andalucía (desde 1982)". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 October 2025.
  13. ^ LEAn (1986), arts. 22–23 (suppl. by LOREG (1985), art. 44).
  14. ^ Lucio, Lourdes; Díez, Anabel (11 April 1994). "Los guerristas andaluces dejan solo a Chaves y rompen el modelo de integración de González". El País (in Spanish). Granada. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  15. ^ Pedrote, Isabel (26 June 1993). "Arenas inicia la refundación del PP andaluz para preparar su candidatura a la Junta". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  16. ^ García, Alejandro Víctor (26 July 1993). "El PP de Javier Arenas reclama para Andalucía la implantación del modelo autonómico de Fraga". El País (in Spanish). Granada. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  17. ^ Pedrote, Isabel (3 February 1994). "Arenas abandona la vicesecretaría popular para consagrarse a las elecciones andaluzas". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  18. ^ "Pacheco registra en Interior el Partido Andaluz de Progreso". El País (in Spanish). Seville. 24 March 1993. Retrieved 28 April 2026.
  19. ^ Méndez, Juan (25 October 1993). "Pedro Pacheco, elegido secretario general del Partido Andaluz del Progreso". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 28 April 2026.
  20. ^ Lucio, Lourdes (25 February 1994). "Los andalucistas se unen en una coalición". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 28 April 2026.
  21. ^ Lucio, Lourdes (16 February 2008). "14 años sin verse las caras". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  22. ^ "La mitad de los andaluces estaba viendo el debate cuando se habló de corrupción y campañas institucionales de la Junta". ABC (in Spanish). 4 June 1994. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  23. ^ a b "Resolución de 29 de junio de 1994, por la que se hacen públicos los resultados generales y por circunscripciones, y relación de Diputados proclamados electos en las elecciones al Parlamento de Andalucía celebradas el día 12 de junio de 1994" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Regional Government of Andalusia (in Spanish) (104): 7804–7808. 9 July 1994. ISSN 2253-802X. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  24. ^ Lucio, Lourdes; Narváez, Diego (21 July 1994). "Rejón pone a Chaves contra las cuerdas para que concrete su proyecto autonómico". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  25. ^ Lucio, Lourdes (24 July 1994). "Chaves advierte que no ofrecerá contrapartidas a IU para conseguir la presidencia de la Junta de Andalucía". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 7 April 2026.
  26. ^ Lucio, Lourdes; Narváez, Diego (30 July 1994). "Una treta antirreglamentaria de IU permite la elección de Chaves como presidente de la Junta". El País (in Spanish). Seville. Retrieved 7 April 2026.

Bibliography

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