Asian golden cat

Not to be confused with African golden cat or Bay cat.

Asian golden cat
CITES Appendix I [1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Catopuma
Species:
C. temminckii
Binomial name
Catopuma temminckii
(Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)
Distribution of the Asian golden cat, 2015[1]
Synonyms

Pardofelis temminckii

The Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) is a medium-sized wild cat native to the northeastern Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and China. It has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2025, and is threatened by poaching and habitat destruction, since Southeast Asian forests are undergoing the world's fastest regional deforestation.

The Asian golden cat's scientific name honours Coenraad Jacob Temminck. It is also called Temminck's cat and Asiatic golden cat.

Taxonomy

Felis temminckii was the scientific name used in 1827 by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield who described a reddish brown cat skin from Sumatra.[2] Felis moormensis proposed by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1831 was a young male cat caught alive by Moormi hunters in Nepal.[3] Felis tristis proposed by Alphonse Milne-Edwards in 1872 was a spotted Asian golden cat from China.[4]

Although briefly classified under the genus Pardofelis in 2007,[5] a taxonomic revision determined that this species is retained in the genus Catopuma.[6] This decision was based on morphological analysis showing that its skull structure, as well as the characteristics of its legs and tail, differ from other species within the genus Pardofelis.[7] It was subordinated to the genus Catopuma proposed by Nikolai Severtzov in 1853.[8]

Two subspecies have been recognised as valid since 2017:[9]

This recognition was based on molecular genetic analysis that identified Kra Isthmus the as the geographic barrier separating them.[10]

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear DNA in tissue samples from all Felidae species revealed that the evolutionary radiation of the Felidae began in Asia in the Miocene around 14.45 to 8.38 million years ago.[11][12] Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of all Felidae species indicates a radiation at around 16.76 to 6.46 million years ago.[13]The Asian golden cat forms an evolutionary lineage together with the bay cat (C. badia) and the marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), which diverged from a common ancestor between 8.42 to 4.27 million years ago, based on analysis of their nuclear DNA.[11][12] All these species are grouped within the bay cat lineage.[11]

Analysis of their mitochondrial DNA indicates a genetic divergence from their common ancestor between 8.47 to 0.41 million years ago.[13]Both models agree that the marbled cat is the first species of this lineage that diverged, while the Asian golden cat and the bay cat diverged from each other about 6.42 to 0.03 million years ago[11][13]

Sundaland during the Last Glacial Maximum

The divergence between the Asian golden cat and the bay cat is estimated to have occurred during the late Pliocene, approximately 3.16 million years ago, which is more recent than previous estimates. This process was driven by rising sea levels that submerged the Kra Isthmus, geographically dividing mainland Southeast Asia from the Sunda Shelf and diverging the two species. [10]

The southern population located on the Sunda Shelf evolved into the bay cat, becoming highly dependent on tropical rainforest refugia that shrank due to climate change during the Last Glacial Maximum. In contrast, the northern population in mainland Southeast Asia evolved into the more adaptable Asian golden cat, which subsequently expanded southward to the Sunda Shelf such as Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula by utilizing land bridges available during the Pleistocene glacial periods.[10]

The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships of the Asian golden cat:[11][12][13]

Felidae
Felinae

Asian golden cat

Bay cat

Marbled cat

other Felinae lineages

Pantherinae

Characteristics

Illustration of skulls of Asian golden cat (bottom) and fishing cat (top)[14]
A grey morph of the Asian golden cat in Arunachal Pradesh, India

The Asian golden cat is a medium-sized cat with a head-to-body length of 66–105 cm (26–41 in), with a 40–57 cm (16–22 in) long tail, and is 56 cm (22 in) tall at the shoulder. Its weight ranges from 9 to 16 kg (20 to 35 lb), which is about two or three times that of a domestic cat (Felis catus). The size of the tail is around one third and half of the body size.[15] It exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females being smaller than males.[16] It has 28 teeth.[17]

Facial markings of the Asian golden cat

The Asian golden cat has facial markings featuring white stripes edged in dark brown or black that stretch from the nose across the cheeks, highlight the inner corners of the eyes, and cross the top of its head.[15] It is polymorphic in colour. These variations include the distinct morphs golden, cinnamon, brown, spotted, brown, reddish-brown, gray, and black.[18]

Golden morphs were recorded in Bhutan in Phrumsengla National Park and Wangchuck Centennial National Park;[19][20],[21] in China in Qinling, Hengduan Mountains, southern Yunnan, and Eastern Himalayas[22] and in India in Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary,[23] Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary[24] and Buxa Tiger Reserve.[25]

Buff brown morphs were recorded in Bhutan and in Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary.[19][24]Melanistic morphs were recorded in Makalu Barun National Park,[26] Khangchendzonga National Park,[27] Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon,[22] Dibang Valley,[28] Buxa Tiger Reserve,[29] Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary,[30] Torsa Strict Nature Reserve,[31] Phrumsengla National Park,[32] Bumthang District,[33] Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park and other forests in Trashigang,[19][34] Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary [24] and southern Yunnan.[22] It was also recorded in Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling Wildlife Sanctuary[35] and Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra.[36] It was also recorded in Virachey National Park.[37]

Cinnamon morphs were recorded in Dibang Valley,[28] Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary[38] Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon,[22] Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park Sylhet Division.[39] and Torsa Strict Nature Reserve.[31]

A gray morph at Edinburgh Zoo
A red morph Asian golden cat at Edinburgh Zoo
Melanistic form in Lao Zoo

Reddish brown morphs were recorded in Sumatra in 1872[2] and recorded again multiple times in Kerinci Seblat National Park on 2001[36] and 2013.[40]It was also recorded in Kingpao village, Tuensang district.[41] In China, the morph was recorded in southern Yunnan and eastern Himalaya.[22] It was recorded in Wangchuck Centennial National Park.[42]

An Asian golden cat with large rosettes on shoulders, flanks and hips was described for the first time based on a specimen from China in 1872.[4] This morph was recorded in China, Bhutan and in Buxa Tiger Reserve.[43][44][25]

Distribution and habitat

The Asian golden cat ranges from eastern Nepal, northeastern India and Bhutan to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, southern China, Malaysia and Sumatra. It prefers forest habitats interspersed with rocky areas and inhabits dry deciduous, subtropical moist evergreen and tropical rainforests.[45]

Since an individual was caught alive in 1831 in Nepal, the country was thought to be the westernmost part of the Asian golden cat's range.[3][46] In the 21st century, it was photographed in the country in May 2009 in Makalu Barun National Park at an elevation of 2,517 m (8,258 ft).[26] In February 2019, it was also recorded in Gaurishankar Conservation Area at an elevation of 2,540 m (8,330 ft).[47]

In India, Asian golden cats were recorded in:

In Bhutan's Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, it was recorded by camera traps at an elevation of 3,738 m (12,264 ft).[44]

In China, it was recorded in protected areas in the Qinling and Minshan Mountains between 2004 and 2009.[51]

In Thailand, it was recorded in Khao Yai National Park.[52]

In northern Myanmar, it was recorded in Hkakaborazi National Park.[53] In 2015, it was recorded for the first time in the hill forests of Karen State.[54]

In Vietnam, it's recorded in Pu Hoat Nature Reserve.[55]

In Laos, it inhabits bamboo regrowth, scrub and degraded forest from the Mekong plains to at least 1,100 m (3,600 ft).[56][57]

In Malaysia, it was recorded in a state forest in Merapoh in 2021.[58]

Results of surveys in Sumatra indicated that it is more common than sympatric small cats, suggesting that it is more numerous than thought before the turn of the 21st century. It has been recorded in Kerinci Seblat, Gunung Leuser and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Parks.[36][59][60]

Behaviour and ecology

Asian golden cat with a piece of meat

Asian golden cats are territorial and solitary. Previous observations suggested that they are primarily nocturnal, but a field study on two radio-collared specimens revealed arrhythmic activity patterns dominated by crepuscular and diurnal activity peaks, with much less activity late at night. In the study, the male's territory was 47.7 km2 (18.4 sq mi) in size and increased by more than 15% during the rainy season. The female's territory was 32.6 km2 (12.6 sq mi) in size. Both cats traveled between only 55 m (180 ft) to more than 9 km (5.6 mi) in a day, and were more active in July than in March.[16] Asian golden cats recorded in northeast India were active during the day with activity peaks around noon.[50]

Asian golden cats can climb trees when necessary. They hunt birds, hares, rodents, reptiles, and small ungulates such as muntjacs and young sambar deer.[45] They are capable of bringing down prey much larger than themselves, such as domestic water buffalo calves.[61] In the mountains of Sikkim, Asian golden cats reportedly prey on ghoral.[62]

Captive Asian golden cats kill small prey with the nape bite typical of cats. They also pluck birds larger than pigeons before beginning to feed. Their vocalizations include hissing, spitting, meowing, purring, growling, and gurgling. Other methods of communication observed in captive Asian golden cats include scent marking, urine spraying, raking trees and logs with claws, and rubbing of the head against various objects – much like a domestic cat.[15]

Reproduction

Not much is known about the reproductive behavior of this rather elusive cat in the wild. Most of what is known has been learned from cats in captivity.[63] Female Asian golden cats are sexually mature between 18 and 24 months, while males mature at 24 months. Females come into estrus every 39 days, at which time they leave markings and seek contact with the male by adopting receptive postures.[64] During intercourse, the male will seize the skin of the neck of the female with his teeth. After a gestation period of 78 to 80 days, the female gives birth in a sheltered place to a litter of one to three kittens. The kittens weigh 220 to 250 g (7.8 to 8.8 oz) at birth, but triple in size over the first eight weeks of life. They are born already possessing the adult coat pattern and open their eyes after six to twelve days.[15] In captivity, they live for up to twenty years.[65]

Threats

The Asian golden cat inhabits some of the fastest developing countries in the world, where it is increasingly threatened by habitat destruction following deforestation, along with a declining ungulate prey base. In Sumatra, it has been reported killed in revenge for preying on poultry. In Southeast Asia and China, it is threatened by poaching for the illegal wildlife trade.[1] This trade has the greatest potential to do maximum harm in minimal time.[45]

Illegal wildlife trade

Asian golden cats are poached mainly for their fur.[66] In Myanmar, 111 body parts from at least 110 individuals were observed in four markets surveyed between 1991 and 2006. Numbers were significantly greater than those of non-threatened species. Among the observed skins was one with rosettes. Three of the surveyed markets are situated on international borders with China and Thailand and cater to international buyers, although the Asian golden cat is completely protected under the country's national legislation. Effective implementation and enforcement of CITES is considered inadequate.[67]

Conservation

Pardofelis temminckii is included in CITES Appendix I and fully protected over most of its range. Hunting is prohibited in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam. Hunting is regulated in Laos. No information about protection status is available from Cambodia.[45] In Bhutan, it is protected only within the boundaries of protected areas.[44]

In captivity

As of December 2008, there were 20 Asian golden cats in eight European zoos participating in the European Endangered Species Programme. The pair in the German Wuppertal Zoo successfully bred in 2007, and in July 2008, two siblings were born and mother-reared. In 2008, a female kitten was also born in the French Parc des Félins. The species is also kept in the Singapore Zoo.[68]

In culture

In China, the Asian golden cat is thought to be a kind of leopard and is known as "rock cat" or "yellow leopard". Different colour phases have different names; those with black fur are called "inky leopards", and those with spotted coats are called "sesame leopards".[15]

In some regions of Thailand, the Asian golden cat is called seua fai (Thai: เสือไฟ, lit. 'fire tiger'). According to a regional legend, the burning of an Asian golden cat's fur drives tigers away. Eating the flesh is believed to have the same effect. The Karen people believe that carrying a single hair of the cat is sufficient.[69] Many indigenous people believe the cat to be fierce, but in captivity it has been known to be docile and tranquil. In southern Thailand, it is called kang kude (Thai: คางคูด) and believed to be a fierce animal that can hurt or eat livestock and larger animals such as Asian elephants.[70]

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