Umm el-Marra

Umm el-Marra
Arabic: أم المرة
Umm el-Marra is located in Syria
Umm el-Marra
Umm el-Marra
Shown within Syria
LocationAleppo Governorate, Syria
Coordinates36°08′02″N 37°41′38″E / 36.133791°N 37.693819°E / 36.133791; 37.693819
Area25 ha
Site notes
Excavation dates1978-1985, 1994-2010
ArchaeologistsRoland Tefnin, Glenn Schwartz, Hans Curvers

Umm el-Marra (also Oumm el-Marra and Tall Umm al-Marra), (Arabic: أم المرة), east of modern Aleppo in the Jabbul Plain of Aleppo Governorate Syria, was one of the ancient Near East's oldest cities, located on a crossroads of two trade routes northwest of Ebla, in a landscape that was much more fertile than it is today.

Tuba

It has been suggested that in the Late Bronze age the name of the site was Tuba (or Tupa) possibly mentioned in Egyptian inscriptions listing cities that were defeated or destroyed in the Pharaoh Thutmose III's north Syrian campaign. The city of Tuba is also mentioned in epigraphic remains from Ebla, Mari, and Alalakh. In Ebla it is written as Dub or Tub. This suggestion is as yet unproven. One ruler, Sumi-rapa (son of a Yarlm-Lim), is known from a seal found at Alalakh. He is thought to have been a contemporary of Alalakh ruler Niqmepa, a vassal of Mitanni.[1][2] Two different translations of the seal have been proposed "Adad who appointed me, Sin(?) who loves my reign, Sumirapa, son of Iarim-Lim, king of Tuba, beloved of Istar, seal of seals " and "Adad who proclaimed my name, the .... who loves my reign: Sumi-rapa, son of Iarim-Lim, king of Tuba, beloved of Istar, seal of .... s".[3] The seal iconography is "Winged sun disk hovering over a Syrian prince with tall oval headdress and draped garment with thickened borders being blessed by an Egyptian-type falcon-headed god and the Syrian goddess".[4] It is known that "Istar of Tuba", and epithet pf the goddess Ištar was worshiped at Tuba from texts found at Mari. Siptu, Queen of Mari ruler Zimri-Lim made a sappum sacrifice to Istar of Tuba and on several occasions made offerings to the lance, the divine weapon, of Ištar of Tuba.[5][6]

Doubts have been raised about the identification os Umm el-Marra with Tuba, placing it instead closer to Alalakh.[7] Doubts have also been raised that the Tub or Dub in the Ebla texts refers to the city of Tuba in question.[8] The other problem with identifying Umm el-Marra as Tuba is that Tuba had rulers and a god (Istar of Tuba) so there had to be a palace and at least one temple and there have been no archaeological findings for either one of those.[9]

History

Early Bronze

Umm el-Marra VI: In the Early Bronze III (c. 2750/2700-2350 BC), Umm el-Marra was an important hub with about 3000-5000 inhabitants. At the beginning of this period, the region was wetter than today, but by 2500 BC climate became gradually drier.

Ebla Period

Umm el-Marra V-IV: In the Early Bronze IV (c. 2350-2000 BC), the dry climate intensified and cities on the Jabbul Plain experienced a collapse of central authority between 2200-2000 BC (4.2 ka event). A possible explanation may lie in the effects of sustained drought on overstressed primitive agriculture. Dr. Glenn Schwartz of Johns Hopkins, who conducted field archaeology at Umm el-Marra, suggested in 1994 that "they placed extensive demands on their environments, continually intensifying their agriculture to feed more people. The added stress from a few dry years may have been the straw that broke the camel's back." Level V contains Tomb 1 with pottery similar to Mardikh IIB1 Ebla Palace G.

Middle Bronze

Umm el-Marra Level IIId: In the Transitional EB IV-MB I, the site was never completely abandoned. Thus, this region saw some continuation as opposed to a collapse following the severe drought conditions that had prevailed. In the MB I (c. 2000-1820 BC) it gradually recovered.

Yamhad Period

Umm el-Marra Levels IIIa-c: In the MB IIA (c. 1820 BC), the city saw a renaissance while controlled by the Amorites. At this time, it became a regional capital subject to the Great Kingdom of Yamkhad centered on Aleppo. A series of public works saw the construction of ramparts with a mudbrick city wall.

Late Bronze

Mitanni Period

During the Late Bronze, the site was under the control of various powers. It would at one point have been under the Mitanni Empire, and Thutmose III of Egypt might have campaigned in the area.

Hittite Period

Following the military campaigns of Suppiluliuma I, it became part of the Hittite Empire following the Fall of Carchemish and the death of Tushratta of Mitanni around 1345 BC. The site was destroyed in the 14th century BC.

The Late Bronze Age collapse saw the city completely abandoned by 1200/1190 BC.

Classical Period

After a long period of abandonment, the site was re-occupied in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

Archaeology

The site covers around 25 hectares with a maximum height of about 10 meters. It was surrounded with a city wall, about 400 meters in diameter, with 3 gates and a defensive ditch. The acropolis, a quadrilateral with rounded corners like the city wall, at the top of the mound has a diameter of about 100 meters.[10] Excavation of Umm el-Marra was conducted at the site between 1978 and 1985 by a Belgian team led by Roland Tefnin. This team also worked at the nearby site of Tell Abou Dann.[11][12][13][14][15]

From 1994 until 2010, a joint archaeological team from the Johns Hopkins University and the University of Amsterdam led by Glenn Schwartz and Hans Curvers worked at Umm el-Marra.[16][17][18][19][20]

Finds included a cuneiform tablet (UEM T1), recovered from the North Area near the city wall in a Late Bronze age (Umm el-Marra period II) layer. The text is a contract document (release of a slave woman) "in the presence of Šuttarna, the king". Šuttarna (c. 1400-1380 BC) was ruler of the Mitanni empire. THe tablet was sealed with the seal of an earlier Mitanni ruler Šauštatar. The paleography and syllabary of the text is similar to texts from that period found at Tell Brak [21][22]

3rd millennium tomb

A rare intact, unlooted tomb, ca. 2300 BC, uncovered by Dr. Schwartz's team in 2000 at the site, made science press headlines, for it contained five richly-adorned adults and three babies, some of whom were ornamented head-to-toe in gold and silver.[23][24]

It may be the oldest intact possibly royal tomb yet to be found in Syria. Dr. Schwartz noted of peculiar aspects in the burial that they 'may hint at ritual characteristics, rather than a tomb simply reserved for royalty or elite individuals.' The interment, which was above ground in ancient times, included three layers of skeletons in wooden coffins lined with textiles. The top layer includes traces of two coffins, each containing a young woman in her twenties and a baby. The women were the most richly ornamented of all the occupants of the tomb, with jewelry of silver, gold and lapis lazuli. Also of interest on this level was an accompanying lump of iron, possibly from a meteorite. Geochemical analysis of the iron, based on the ratio of iron to nickel and cobalt, confirms that the iron was meteoritic in origin.[25] One of the babies appeared to be wearing a bronze torque, or collar.

In the layer below were coffins of two adult males and the remains of a baby at some distance from both men, close to the entrance of the tomb. This differs from the placement of the babies in the upper layer, where they were placed next to the women's bodies. Crowning the older man was a silver diadem decorated with a disk bearing a rosette motif, while the man opposite had a bronze dagger. The third and lowest layer held an adult male with a silver cup and silver pins.

All the individuals were accompanied by scores of ceramic vessels, some of which contained animal bones that may have been part of funerary animal offerings. Outside the tomb to the south, against the tomb wall, was a jar containing the remains of a baby, a spouted jar, and two skulls, horselike but apparently belonging neither to horses or donkeys. These equids were subsequently identified as kunga, a hybrid of domestic donkey and wild ass.[26][27] Two groups of three puppies were found (Installation B) and the skeleton of an adult dog (Installation C) was found between equids.[28][29]

Incisions on four lightly baked fragmentary clay cylinders dated to c. 2350 BC have been hypothesized to be Early Alphabetic Semitic writing, which would make them the oldest such examples. Some of the fragments were joined to bame 4 partial cylinders (UMM04 O-3 a-d) and no further joins were possible. The find layer was dated to Early Bronze IVA (c. 2350 BC) however there was an intrusive Late Bronze pit dug into that area of the tomb, which the excavators discounted.[30][31][9]

See also

References

  1. ^ Nougayrol, Jean, and Pierre Amiet, "Le sceau de Sumirapa roi de Tuba", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 56.4, pp. 169-174, 1962
  2. ^ Catagnoti A., "Le royaume de Tuba et ses cultes", in J.-M. Durand (éd.), Florilegium marianum. Recueil d’études en l’honneur de Michel Fleury, Mémoire de NABU 1, Société pour l’Étude du Proche-Orient Ancien, Paris, pp. 23-28, 1992
  3. ^ Teissier, Beatrice, "Egyptian iconography on Syro-Palestinian cylinder seals of the Middle Bronze Age", Vol. 11. Saint-Paul, 1996
  4. ^ [1]Ziffer, Irit, "Symbols of Royalty in Canaanite Art in the Third and Second Millennia BCE", Bulletin of the Israeli Academic Center in Cairo 25, pp. 11-20, 2022
  5. ^ Sasson, Jack M, "The King and I a Mari King in changing perceptions", Journal of the American Oriental Society, pp. 453-470, 1998
  6. ^ Sharlach, T. M., "A Wider Context: Temple Households and Changes in the Roles Played by Royal Wives in Early Mesopotamia", An Ox of One's Own: Royal Wives and Religion at the Court of the Third Dynasty of Ur, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 289-304, 2017
  7. ^ Charpin, D., "Histoire politique du Proche-Orient amorrite (2002-1595)", in Die Altbabylonische Zeit (OBO 160/4, Annäherungen 4), eds. P. Attinger, W. Sallaberger and M. Wäfler, pp. 25–484, Fribourg: Academic Press, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2002
  8. ^ Archi, A., "Alalah al tempo del regno di Ebla", in Tra Oriente e Occidente: Studi in onore di Elena Di Filippo Balestrazzi, eds. D.M. Bonacossi et al., pp. 3–5, Padova: S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria, 2006
  9. ^ a b Schwartz, Glenn M., "Early non-cuneiform writing? Third-millennium BC clay cylinders from Umm el-Marra", Opening the Tablet Box. Brill, pp. 375-395, 2010
  10. ^ Doyen, J.-M., "L’outillage en os des sites de Tell Abou Danne et d’Oummel-Marra (Campagnes 1978‒1983): quelques aspects de l’artisanat en Syrie du Nord du III en I millénaires", Akkadika 47, pp. 30‒74, 1986
  11. ^ Roland "Tefnin, Exploration archeologique au nord du lac de Djabboul (Syrie): Une campagne de sondages sur le site d'Oumm el-Marra, 1978", Annuaire de lInstitut de Philologie et dHistoire Orientales et Slaves, vol. 23, pp. 71-94, 1980
  12. ^ Roland Tefnin, The Belgian archaeological mission in the East: Syria: Tell Abu Dann | Umm el Marra, Newsletter Archéologie Orientale Valbonne, vol. 2, pp. 8-11, 1980
  13. ^ Roland Tefnin, "Exploration archéologique du tell Oumm el-Marra (Syrie du Nord): Campagne 1982", Syria, T. 60, Fasc. 3/4, pp. 276-278, 1983
  14. ^ Roland Tefnin, "Tall Umm al-Marra", Archiv für Orientforschung, vol. 28, pp. 235-239, 1982
  15. ^ Doyen, Jean-Marc, "Les monnaies antiques du Tell Abou Danne et d’Oumm el-Marra (Campagnes 1976–1985)", Aspects de la circulation monetaire en Syrie du nord sous les Seleucides, Brussels, 1987
  16. ^ Hans H. Curvers, Glenn M. Schwartz and Sally Dunham, "Umm el-Marra, a Bronze Age Urban Center in the Jabbul Plain", Western Syria American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 101, no. 2, pp. 201-239, 1997
  17. ^ [2]Glenn M. Schwartz et al., "Excavation and Survey in the Jabbul Plain, Western Syria: The Umm el-Marra Project 1996-1997", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 419-462, 2000
  18. ^ Glenn M. Schwartz et al., "A Third-Millennium B.C. Elite Mortuary Complex at Umm el-Marra, Syria : 2002 and 2004 Excavations", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 110, pp. 603-41, 2006
  19. ^ Batey, Ernest K., Tell Umm el-Marra (Syria), Seasons 2000-2006, Bioarchaeology of the Near East, vol. 5, pp. 1-10, 2010
  20. ^ Schwartz, G., H. Curvers, S. Dunham, and J. Weber, "From Urban Origins to Imperial Integration: Umm el-Marra 2006, 2008", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 116/1, pp. 157-93, 2012
  21. ^ Cooper, J., G. Schwartz - R. Westbrook, "A Mittani-Era Tablet from Umm el-Marra", in: D. I. Owen - G. Wilhelm (eds.), General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 11/1 (SCCNH 15), Bethesda, Md., 41, pp. 41-55, 2005
  22. ^ Martino, Stefano de., "The Mittanian Cuneiform Documents: The Interplay between Content, Language, Material, Format, and Sealing Practices", The Ancient World Revisited: Material Dimensions of Written Artefacts, edited by Marilina Betrò, Michael Friedrich and Cécile Michel, De Gruyter, pp. 207-220, 2024
  23. ^ Glenn M. Schwartz et al., "A Third-Millennium B.C. Elite Tomb and Other New Evidence from Tell Umm el-Marra Syria", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 325-361, 2003
  24. ^ Glenn M. Schwartz, "Hidden Tombs of Ancient Syria", Natural History, vol. 116, iss. 4, pp. 42-49, 2007
  25. ^ [3] Jambon, Albert, "Bronze Age iron: Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy", Journal of Archaeological Science 88, pp. 47-53, 2017
  26. ^ Grigson, Caroline, "Size Matters — Donkeys and Horses in the Prehistory of the Southernmost Levant", Paléorient, vol. 38, no. 1/2, pp. 185–201, 2012
  27. ^ [4]Bennett, E. Andrew, et al., "The genetic identity of the earliest human-made hybrid animals, the kungas of Syro-Mesopotamia", Science Advances 8.2, eabm0218, 2022
  28. ^ Schwartz, G. M., "Status, Ideology, and Memory in Third-Millennium Syria: ‘Royal’ Tombs at Umm El-Marra", in N. Laneri (ed.), Performing Death. Social Analyses of Funerary Traditions in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean (Oriental Institute Seminars 3), Chicago, pp. 39–68, 2007
  29. ^ [5]Weber, J. A., "Elite Equids: Redefining Equid Burials of the Mid- to Late 3rd Millennium BC from Umm el-Marra, Syria", in E. Vila, L. Gourichon, A. M. Choyke, H. Buitenhuis (eds.), Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII (Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée 49), Lyon, pp. 499–519, 2008
  30. ^ Schwartz, Glenn M., "Non-cuneiform writing at third-millennium Umm el-Marra, Syria: evidence of an early alphabetic tradition?", Pasiphae: rivista di filologia e antichità egee: XV, pp. 255-266, 2021
  31. ^ Robbins, Hannah (21 November 2024). "Evidence of oldest known alphabetic writing unearthed in ancient Syrian city". Johns Hopkins University.

Further reading

  • Curvers, H. and G. Schwartz, "Umm el-Marra 1997", Chronique Archéologique en Syrie 2, pp. 203-7, 1998
  • Curvers, H. and G. Schwartz, "Umm el-Marra", in H. Weiss (ed.), Archaeology in Syria, American Journal of Archaeology 101, pp. 147-8, 1997
  • Curvers, H. and G. Schwartz, "Achaemenid to Hellenistic Period Transition at Tell Umm el-Marra (Syria) and Beirut (Lebanon) in W. Held (ed.), "The Transition from the Achaemenid to the Hellenistic Period in the Levant, Cyprus, and Cilicia: Cultural Interruption or Continuity?", Marburg:Eigenverlag des Archäologischen Seminars der Philipps-Universität Marburg, pp. 41-50, 2020
  • Dunham, S., "Remarks on Some Objects from Umm el-Marra, 1994-1995",American Journal of Archaeology 101, pp. 228-39, 1997
  • Alice Petty, Bronze Age Anthropomorphic Figurines from Umm El-Marra, Syria: Chronology, Visual Analysis, and Function, Archeopress, 2006 ISBN 9781841717890
  • Schwartz, Glenn M, "Memory and its Demolition: Ancestors, Animals and Sacrifice at Umm el-Marra", Syria Cambridge Archaeological Journal, vol. 23/3, pp. 495–522, 2013
  • Schwartz, Glenn M., ed., "Animals, Ancestors and Ritual in Early Bronze Age Syria: An Elite Mortuary Complex from Umm el-Marra", Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, UCLA, 2024
  • [6]Schwartz, Glenn M., Status, Ideology and Memory in Third Millennium Syria: “Royal” Tombs at Umm el-Marra in N. Laneri (ed.), Performing Death: Social Analyses of Funerary Traditions in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp. 39-68, 2007 ISBN 1-885923-50-3
  • Schwartz, Glenn M., "After Interment/Outside the Tombs: Some Mortuary Particulars at Umm el-Marra", in: C. Felli (ed.), How to Cope With Death: Mourning and Funerary Practices in the Ancient Near East. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, pp. 189-215, 2016


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