哺乳



哺乳(lactation)又称授乳、泌乳,是雌性动物通过特化的外分泌腺(乳腺)分泌出生物利用度较高的营养液(乳汁)给尚无法正常进食并消化固体食物的新生幼体后代喂食的行为[1],在人类中此过程称为母乳喂养。乳汁富含蛋白质、钙、乳糖和饱和脂肪等多种营养成分[2],并含有可赋予幼崽被动免疫的免疫球蛋白A(IgA)[3][4][5],分泌的过程需要催乳激素和催产素的共同作用。越大多数哺乳动物(兽亚纲,即胎盘类和有袋类)的乳汁产自腹侧由成对的顶泌汗腺演化而来的第二性征器官——乳房,并长有便于胎生出的幼崽吸吮乳汁的乳头,但较为基群的原兽类(如单孔目的鸭嘴兽和针鼹)则通过腹部的沟(称作乳区)分泌,然后由卵生孵化出的幼崽舔食乳区摄入营养。
哺乳是所有雌性哺乳纲动物都具有的特性[6],棕榈果蝠的雄性有时也会分泌乳汁——这可能是因为激素失调的缘故,这种现象也可能在新生婴儿身上观察到。然而除了哺乳动物,所有的鸠鸽科鸟类以及红鹳(火烈鸟)和一些企鹅都能从嗉囊中反刍出半固态的鸽乳给雏鸟喂食[7][8][9]——虽然这些嗉囊分泌物的形态与乳浊液态的哺乳类乳汁沒有太大的相似之處[10],但其成分比牛乳和人乳更富含蛋白質和脂肪[11]并含有抗氧化劑、IgA和益生菌等免疫增強因子[12][13],而且同哺乳類一樣由催乳激素刺激分泌[13]。此外,两栖类的环纹蚓螈会从输卵管分泌出类似乳汁的营养液并从泄殖腔排出来喂养幼体[14][15];以盘丽鱼属为代表的30多种慈鲷会在催乳激素的调控下由上皮分泌富含营养的黏液喂养幼鱼[16][17][18];而无脊椎动物中的太平洋甲蠊[19][20][21][22][23]和大蚁蛛[24][25]也会分泌母体预先消化的乳汁态营养液来为幼体提供营养。
参考资料
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- ^ Levi, Wendell. The Pigeon. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. 1977. ISBN 0-85390-013-2.
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