November 2019 Spanish general election

November 2019 Spanish general election
10 November 2019
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 265) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered37,001,379 Increase 0.3%
Turnout24,507,715 (66.2%)
Decrease 5.5 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Pedro Sánchez Pablo Casado Santiago Abascal
Party PSOE PP Vox
Leader since 18 June 2017 21 July 2018 20 September 2014
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 123 seats, 28.7% 66 seats, 16.7% 24 seats, 10.3%
Seats won 120 89 52
Seat change Decrease 3 Increase 23 Increase 28
Popular vote 6,792,199 5,047,040 3,656,979
Percentage 28.0% 20.8% 15.1%
Swing Decrease 0.7 pp Increase 4.1 pp Increase 4.8 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Pablo Iglesias Gabriel Rufián Albert Rivera
Party Unidas Podemos[a] ERC–Sobiranistes Cs
Leader since 15 November 2014 14 October 2019 9 July 2006
Leader's seat Madrid Barcelona Madrid
Last election 42 seats, 14.3% 15 seats, 3.9% 57 seats, 15.9%
Seats won 35 13 10
Seat change Decrease 7 Decrease 2 Decrease 47
Popular vote 3,119,364 880,734 1,650,318
Percentage 12.9% 3.6% 6.8%
Swing Decrease 1.4 pp Decrease 0.3 pp Decrease 9.1 pp
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by constituency
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by autonomous community
Map of Spain showcasing seat distribution by Congress of Deputies constituency
Prime Minister before election

Pedro Sánchez (acting)
PSOE

Prime Minister after election

Pedro Sánchez
PSOE

A general election was held in Spain on 10 November 2019 to elect the members of the 14th Cortes Generales under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate. It was a repeat election under the provisions of Article 99.5 of the Constitution,[1] as a result of the failure in government formation negotiations following the previous general election.

Political differences between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos after the April 2019 election saw Pedro Sánchez's failed investiture as prime minister on 23–25 July 2019. With no further party negotiations during the summer, King Felipe VI declined to propose any candidate for investiture ahead of the 23 September deadline, with a new general election scheduled for 10 November.[2][3][4][5] The failure in negotiations prompted Podemos' founder Íñigo Errejón to turn his regional Más Madrid party—which had obtained a remarkable result in the 26 May Madrilenian regional election—into a national alliance under the newly created brand of Más País,[6][7] comprising a number of regional parties and former Podemos and United Left allies, such as Coalició Compromís, Equo or Chunta Aragonesista, while also seeing an exodus of a number of Podemos officials.[8][9]

Voter turnout was the lowest since the transition to democracy in 1975, with just 66.2% of the electorate casting a ballot, which was lower than the previous negative record set in the 2016 election (66.5%), the only other occasion in Spanish democracy that an election was triggered as a result of the failure of a government formation process. The election saw a partial recovery for the opposition People's Party (PP) and large gains for the far-right Vox party at the expense of Citizens (Cs), which suffered one of the largest electoral setbacks in the history of Spanish elections following the party scoring its best historical result in the April 2019 general election, signalling the end of Albert Rivera's active political career.[10] Both PSOE and Unidas Podemos saw slight decreases in both popular vote and seats, but were still able to outperform the combined strength of PP, Vox and Cs; consequently, both parties agreed to set aside their political feuds and successfully negotiated a government shortly after the election, to become the first governing coalition in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic.[11][12]

The tenure of the newly formed government, which was formally appointed on 13 January 2020, would be quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March and its political and economical consequences, including the worst worldwide recession since the Great Depression resulting from the massive lockdowns enforced to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Background

The April 2019 general election in a clear victory for the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) under the acting prime minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez, but also in a highly fragmented parliament, with the right divided between the People's Party (PP), Citizens (Cs) and the far-right Vox.[13] With both a grand coalition with the PP and a 180 seat-agreement with Cs ruled out because of mutual vetoes, a deal between the PSOE and Pablo Iglesias's left-wing Unidas Podemos—backed by smaller parties—appeared to be the most viable outcome.[14]

Pedro Sánchez giving a speech in the Congress of Deputies
Mutual mistrust between PSOE and Unidas Podemos and a clash over the future cabinet's composition resulted in a political deadlock that led to Pedro Sánchez's investiture being defeated on 25 July 2019.

Talks were delayed until after the 26 May 2019 local, regional and European Parliament elections, whose results largely confirmed the PSOE's general election gains.[15]However, Podemos's poor performance allowed right-wing alliances between the PP, Cs and Vox to take control of several key institutions, particularly the Madrid city council and the regional governments of Castile and León, Madrid and Murcia.[16][17] This encouraged the PSOE to push for a single-party government with confidence and supply support rather than the coalition demanded by Podemos.[18][19][20] At the same time, Cs was weakened by internal divisions over Albert Rivera's decision to pursue right-wing alliances—including Vox—and to veto any PSOE-led government;[21] this led to the departure of critics such as Manuel Valls (former French prime minister and party leader in Barcelona, who gave support to Ada Colau's election as local mayor to prevent a pro-Catalan independence administration)[22][23] and Toni Roldán (the party's economics spokesman).[24] Meanwhile, Podemos was also facing a party crisis marked by growing ideological and personal tensions, seeing the split of co-founder Íñigo Errejón into the Más Madrid platform[25][26] and followed by further resignations among leading members.[27][28]

After receiving King Felipe VI's nomination to attempt an investiture,[29] a political deadlock developed as Sánchez and Iglesias clashed over the composition of the future government.[30] Podemos demanded ministerial ports, while the PSOE offered only secondary positions.[31] Both parties exchanged proposals in an attempt to pressure the other,[32][33] until Iglesias eventually withdrew his demand to personally join the cabinet as it became clear that his presence—and disagreements over issues such as the Catalan crisis—was a major obstacle for Sánchez.[34][35] Even so, deep mistrust between the two parties, negotiation leaks, disagreements over portfolios (especially equality and labour), and accusations of excessive demands, prevented an agreement and led to a "complete breakdown" in talks.[36][37] Sánchez's investiture bid was defeated 155–124 on 25 July 2019, with PP and Cs voting against (neither willing to abstain), Podemos abstaining, and smaller parties refusing to commit without a clear deal.[38][39][40]

The summer ended without progress, as Sánchez postponed further negotiations until September while the PSOE hardened its position and withdrew its offer to include Podemos in the government.[41][42][43] Final proposals saw the PSOE offering a programme of 370 policy measures and key responsibilities in state institutions outside the cabinet,[44] while Podemos proposed a one-year trial coalition.[45] A last-minute move by Rivera—who U-turned on his previous stance—offered Cs's abstention if it was matched by the PP and linked to certain conditions on taxation, government formation in Navarre and Catalonia, but the proposal failed to gain support.[46] After further consultations by King Felipe VI produced no agreement, a snap election was called for 10 November 2019 amid mutual accusations among the parties.[47][48]

Overview

Under the 1978 Constitution, the Spanish Cortes Generales were conceived as an imperfect bicameral system.[49][50] The Congress of Deputies held greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to grant or withdraw confidence from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority.[51] Nonetheless, the Senate retained a limited number of specific functions—such as ratifying international treaties, authorizing cooperation agreements between autonomous communities, enforcing direct rule, regulating interterritorial compensation funds, and taking part in constitutional amendments and in the appointment of members to the Constitutional Court and the General Council of the Judiciary—which were not subject to override by Congress.[52]

Date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier.[53] The election decree was required to be issued no later than 25 days before the scheduled expiration date of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place 54 days after the decree's publication.[54] The previous election was held on 28 April 2019, which meant that the chambers' terms would have expired on 28 April 2023. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 4 April 2023, setting the latest possible date for election day on 28 May 2023.

The prime minister had the prerogative to propose the monarch to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year after a previous one.[55] Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[56] Barring this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections to the Congress and the Senate.[57] Still, as of 2026, there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 24 September 2019 with the publication of the corresponding decree in the BOE, setting election day for 10 November and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 3 December.[58]

Electoral system

Voting for each chamber of the Cortes Generales was based on universal suffrage, comprising all Spanish nationals over 18 years of age with full political rights, provided that they had not been deprived of the right to vote by a final sentence.[59][60] Additionally, non-resident citizens were required to apply for voting, a system known as "begged" voting (Spanish: Voto rogado).[61][62]

The Congress of Deputies had a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with electoral provisions fixing its size at 350. Of these, 348 were elected in 50 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the provinces of Spain—each of which was assigned an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 distributed in proportion to population—using the D'Hondt method and closed-list proportional voting, with a three percent-threshold of valid votes (including blank ballots) in each constituency. The remaining two seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts elected by plurality voting.[63] The use of this electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold depending on district magnitude and vote distribution.[64]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[65]

Seats Constituencies
37 Madrid
32 Barcelona
15 Valencia
12 Alicante, Seville
11 Málaga
10 Murcia
9 Cádiz
8 A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas
7 Asturias, Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5 Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2 Soria

208 Senate seats were elected using open-list partial block voting: voters in constituencies electing four seats could choose up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, up to two; and in single-member districts, one. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, while in insular provinces—such as the Balearic and Canary Islands—the districts were the islands themselves, with the larger ones (Mallorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife) being allocated three seats each, and the smaller ones (Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma) one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional seat per million inhabitants.[66][67]

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacant seats; instead, any vacancies arising after the proclamation of candidates and during the legislative term were filled by the next candidates on the party lists or, when required, by designated substitutes.[68]

Outgoing parliament

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[69][70]

Candidates

Nomination rules

Spanish citizens with the right to vote could run for election, provided that they had not been criminally imprisoned by a final sentence or convicted—whether final or not—of offences that involved loss of eligibility or disqualification from public office (such as rebellion, terrorism or other crimes against the state). Additional causes of ineligibility applied to the following officials:[73]

Other ineligibility provisions also applied to a number of territorial officials in these categories within their areas of jurisdiction, as well as to employees of foreign states and members of regional governments.[73]

Incompatibility rules included those of ineligibility, and also barred running in multiple constituencies or lists, holding office if the candidacy was later declared illegal (by a final ruling), and combining legislative roles (deputy, senator, and regional lawmaker) with each other or with:[74]

  • A number of senior public or institutional posts, including the presidency of the National Commission on Markets and Competition; and leadership positions in RTVE, government offices, public authorities (such as port authorities, hydrographic confederations, or highway concessionary companies), public entities and state-owned or publicly funded companies;
  • Any other paid public or private position, except university teaching.

Parties and lists

See also: List of political parties in Spain

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within 10 days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list. Concurrently, parties, federations or alliances that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[75] Additionally, a balanced composition of men and women was required in the electoral lists, so that candidates of either sex made up at least 40 percent of the total composition.[76]

A special, simplified process was provided for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and alliances without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.[77]

Below is a list of the main parties and alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Congress Senate
Vote % Seats Vote % Seats
PSOE
List
 Pedro Sánchez Social democracy 28.7% 123 29.3% 123 Yes
PP
List
 Pablo Casado Conservatism
Christian democracy 		16.7% 66 19.2% 54 No [78]
Cs
List
 Albert Rivera Liberalism 15.9% 57 14.9% 4 No [79]
Unidas
Podemos
List
 Pablo Iglesias Left-wing populism
Direct democracy
Democratic socialism 		14.3% 42 12.8% 0 No [80]
Vox
List
 Santiago Abascal Right-wing populism
Ultranationalism
National conservatism 		10.3% 24 8.4% 0 No
ERC–
Sobiranistes
List
 Gabriel Rufián Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		3.9% 15 4.4% 11 No [81]
JxCat–Junts
List
 Laura Borràs Catalan independence
Liberalism 		1.9% 7 2.1% 2 No [81]
EAJ/PNV
List
 Aitor Esteban Basque nationalism
Christian democracy 		1.5% 6 1.6% 9 No
EH Bildu
List
 Mertxe Aizpurua Basque independence
Abertzale left
Socialism 		1.0% 4 0.9% 1 No
CCa–
PNC–NC
List
  • Canarian Coalition (CCa)
  • New Canaries (NCa)
  • Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC)
  • Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)
Ana Oramas Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism
0.7%
[f] 		2
0.4%
[g] 		0 No [82]
NA+
List
 Sergio Sayas Regionalism
Christian democracy
Conservatism
Liberalism 		0.4% 2 0.5% 3 No [83]
PRC
List
 José María Mazón Regionalism
Centrism 		0.2% 1 0.2% 0 No
BNG
List
 Néstor Rego Galician nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism 		0.4% 0 0.5% 0 No
ASG
List
  • Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)
Fabián Chinea Insularism
Social democracy 		N/a 0.0% 1 No [84]
Más País
List
 Íñigo Errejón Green politics
Direct democracy
Alter-globalization 		Did not contest[h] No [9]
[85]
[86]
[87]
CUP–PR
List
  • Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP)
    – Forward–Socialist Organization of National Liberation (Endavant–OSAN)
    – Free People (PL–PPCC)
    – Internationalist Struggle (LI–CI)
  • Let's Reverse (Capgirem)
  • Pirates of Catalonia (Pirata.cat)
Mireia Vehí Catalan independence
Anti-capitalism
Socialism 		Did not contest No [88]
[89]
[90]
¡TE!
List
 Tomás Guitarte Regionalism Did not contest No

Campaign

Timetable

The November 2019 Spanish general election was the first to apply the new electoral procedures introduced for election re-runs as a result of the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election. This consisted of a special, simplified process, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through the same pre-election procedures again.[77] The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0) instead):[91]

  • 24 September: The election decree is issued with the countersign of the president of the Congress of Deputies, ratified by the King; formal dissolution of parliament and start of prohibition period on the inauguration of public works, services or projects.
  • 25 September: Constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions, with the same compositions as those in force for the previous election.
  • 30 September: Division of constituencies into polling sections and stations; deadline for parties and federations to report on their electoral alliances.
  • 7 October: Deadline for electoral register consultation for the purpose of possible corrections; deadline for parties, federations, alliances, and groupings of electors to present or maintain electoral lists.
  • 9 October: Publication of submitted electoral lists in the Official State Gazette (BOE).
  • 14 October: Official proclamation of validly submitted electoral lists.
  • 15 October: Publication of proclaimed electoral lists in the BOE.
  • 19 October: Deadline for non-resident citizens (electors residing abroad (CERA) and citizens temporarily absent from Spain) to apply for voting.
  • 23 October: Deadline for the selection of polling station members by sortition.
  • 31 October: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
  • 1 November: Official start of electoral campaigning.[92]
  • 5 November: Start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication; deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail.
  • 6 November: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voting (extended to 8 November by the Central Electoral Commission).
  • 8 November: Last day of electoral campaigning;[92] deadline for CERA voting.
  • 9 November: Official election silence ("reflection day").
  • 10 November: Election day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote); provisional vote counting.
  • 13 November: Start of general vote counting, including CERA votes.
  • 16 November: Deadline for the general vote counting.
  • 25 November: Deadline for the proclamation of elected members.
  • 5 December: Deadline for the reconvening of parliament (date determined by the election decree, which for the November 2019 election was set for 3 December).[58][93]
  • 4 January: Deadline for the publication of definitive election results in the BOE.

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref.
PSOE « Ahora Gobierno. Ahora España »
« Ahora sí » 		"Government now. Spain now"
"Yes now" 		[94]
[95]
PP « Por todo lo que nos une » "For everything that unites us" [96]
Cs « España en marcha » "Spain underway" [97]
Unidas Podemos Main: « Un Gobierno contigo »
ECP: « Si vols solucions, vota solucions »
En Común: « Conta con nós » 		Main: "A Government with you"
ECP: "If you want solutions, vote solutions"
En Común: "Count with us" 		[98]
[99]
[100]
Vox « España siempre » "Always Spain" [101]
ERC–Sobiranistes « Tornarem més forts » "We shall return stronger" [102]
JxCat–Junts « Per la independència, ni un vot enrere » "For independence, not a vote back" [103]
EAJ/PNV « Hemen, EAJ-PNV » "Here, EAJ/PNV" [104]
EH Bildu « Erabaki Baietz! » "Decide Yes!" [105]
CCa–PNC–NC « Hagamos más fuerte a Canarias » "Let's make the Canaries stronger" [106]
NA+ « Navarra, clave en España » "Navarra, key in Spain" [107]
BNG « Facer valer Galiza con voz propia » "Enforce Galicia with our own voice" [108]
Más País
  • Més Compromís
 Main: « Desbloquear, avanzar, Más País »
Més Compromís: « Acordar, la política útil » 		Main: "Unblock, make progress, More Country"
Més Compromís: "Agreeing, the useful policy" 		[109]
[110]
CUP–PR « Ingovernables » "Ungovernable" [111]

Events and issues

The pre-campaign period saw the rise of a new left-wing electoral platform, Más País, founded by former Podemos co-founder Íñigo Errejón around his Más Madrid platform, following the failure of the left to agree on a government following the April election.[112] Más País was joined by several other parties, such as Coalició Compromís, Chunta Aragonesista and Equo, the latter of which voted for breaking up its coalition with Unidas Podemos in order to join Errejón's platform.[9][113][114] The leadership of Podemos in the Region of Murcia also went on to joint Más País.[8] The platform went on to poll at 6% as soon as it was formed.[115]

On 24 September, the Spanish Supreme Court ruled in favor of the PSOE's plan to remove the remnants of Francisco Franco from the Valle de los Caídos, a key policy of Pedro Sánchez during the previous legislature.[116] The prior of the Valle de los Caídos' abbey, Santiago Cantera, initially announced his intention to disregard the Supreme Court's ruling and not authorize Franco's exhumation;[117] however, the Spanish government closed down the monument to the public on 11 October in order to prepare for the exhumation—finally scheduled for 22 October at latest, so for the removal to be over by 25 October—to uphold the Supreme Court's ruling.[118][119]

On 13 October, the leaders of the Catalan independence movement involved in the events of October 2017 were sentenced by the Supreme Court for sedition and embezzlement to convictions ranging from 9 to 13 years in jail.[120] The ruling unleashed a wave of violent protests throughout Catalonia, and particularly in Barcelona, throughout the ensuing days.[121][122][123]

Debates

November 2019 Spanish general election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present[i]    S  Surrogate[j]    NI  Not invited   I  Invited    A  Absent invitee 
PSOE PP Cs UP Vox ERC JxCat PNV Audience Ref.
1 November RTVE[k] Xabier Fortes P
Lastra 		P
A. de Toledo 		P
Arrimadas 		P
I. Montero 		P
Espinosa 		P
Rufián 		NI P
Esteban 		17.7%
(2,468,000) 		[124]
[125]
2 November laSexta
(La Sexta Noche) 		Iñaki López S
Sicilia 		S
Gamarra 		S
Rodríguez 		S
Vera 		S
O. Smith 		P
Rufián 		S
Borràs 		P
Esteban 		8.5%
(865,000) 		[126]
[127]
4 November TV Academy Ana Blanco
Vicente Vallés 		P
Sánchez 		P
Casado 		P
Rivera 		P
Iglesias 		P
Abascal 		NI NI NI 52.7%
(8,621,000) 		[128]
[129]
7 November laSexta[l] Ana Pastor P
M. Montero 		P
Pastor 		P
Arrimadas 		P
I. Montero 		P
Monasterio 		NI NI NI 19.2%
(3,133,000) 		[130]
[131]
Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
Debate Polling firm/Commissioner Sample PSOE PP Cs UP Vox ERC PNV Tie None Question?
1 November SocioMétrica/El Español[132] 2,965 14.3 17.6 19.4 16.6 18.5 6.0 3.7 – – 3.9
4 November ElectoPanel/Electomanía[133] ? 9.7 7.5 14.8 34.3 33.8 – – – – –
Sigma Dos/Antena 3[134] 4,000 20.0 21.5 10.8 29.5 18.2 – – – – –
InvyMark/laSexta[135] ? 32.3 17.4 12.8 15.5 13.8 – – – – 8.2
SocioMétrica/El Español[136] 4,678 20.0 26.3 13.3 15.0 21.8 – – – – 3.6
Ipsos/Henneo[137] ? 24.0 9.0 6.0 32.0 29.0 – – – – –
NC Report/La Razón[138] ? 22.8 25.1 10.1 24.3 17.7 – – – – –
CIS[139] 4,800 15.3 9.4 4.2 23.3 14.7 – – 3.4 23.7 6.1

Opinion polls

Local regression trend line of poll results from 28 April 2019 to 10 November 2019, with each line corresponding to a political party.


Voter turnout

The table below shows registered voter turnout on election day, without including non-resident citizens.

Region Time
14:00 18:00 20:00
28A 10N +/– 28A 10N +/– 28A 10N +/–
Andalusia 38.94% 35.80% −3.14 57.23% 54.84% −2.39 73.30% 68.23% −5.07
Aragon 44.65% 41.18% −3.47 62.30% 57.88% −4.42 77.62% 71.50% −6.12
Asturias 40.15% 34.42% −5.73 58.67% 53.50% −5.17 73.35% 65.47% −7.88
Balearic Islands 38.10% 30.95% −7.15 54.42% 47.40% −7.02 67.56% 58.71% −8.85
Basque Country 41.75% 40.18% −1.57 60.05% 57.60% −2.45 74.52% 68.93% −5.59
Canary Islands 30.72% 27.07% −3.65 51.00% 44.36% −6.64 68.15% 60.47% −7.68
Cantabria 43.12% 39.12% −4.00 63.64% 59.28% −4.36 78.00% 70.83% −7.17
Castile and León 41.80% 37.29% −4.51 61.99% 56.70% −5.29 78.16% 71.36% −6.80
Castilla–La Mancha 42.71% 38.07% −4.64 62.35% 57.44% −4.91 78.02% 71.38% −6.64
Catalonia 43.52% 40.58% −2.94 64.20% 59.88% −4.32 77.57% 72.14% −5.43
Extremadura 42.86% 37.17% −5.69 60.21% 54.41% −5.80 76.31% 69.12% −7.19
Galicia 36.97% 31.96% −5.01 58.91% 53.24% −5.67 73.97% 66.62% −7.35
La Rioja 44.67% 40.42% −4.25 61.51% 57.45% −4.06 78.12% 71.27% −6.85
Madrid 43.61% 40.98% −2.63 65.10% 61.50% −3.60 79.76% 74.55% −5.21
Murcia 43.41% 39.01% −4.40 61.75% 57.89% −3.86 75.69% 69.99% −5.70
Navarre 43.79% 39.38% −4.41 60.89% 56.46% −4.43 76.32% 69.30% −7.02
Valencian Community 45.87% 42.51% −3.36 61.64% 59.97% −1.67 76.33% 71.71% −4.62
Ceuta 30.47% 27.27% −3.20 48.84% 43.77% −5.07 63.97% 56.19% −7.78
Melilla 28.14% 24.61% −3.53 45.44% 38.98% −6.46 62.94% 57.12% −5.82
Total 41.49% 37.92% –3.57 60.74% 56.85% –3.89 75.75% 69.86% –5.89
Sources[140]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 6,792,199 28.00 −0.67 120 −3
People's Party (PP) 5,047,040 20.81 +4.12 89 +23
Vox (Vox) 3,656,979 15.08 +4.82 52 +28
United We Can (Unidas Podemos) 3,119,364 12.86 −1.46 35 −7
United We Can (Podemos–IU) 2,381,960 9.82 −1.24 26 −7
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) 549,173 2.26 −0.09 7 ±0
In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU) 188,231 0.78 −0.13 2 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 1,650,318 6.80 −9.06 10 −47
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 880,734 3.63 −0.28 13 −2
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 874,859 3.61 −0.28 13 −2
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) 5,875 0.02 ±0.00 0 ±0
More Country (Más País) 582,306 2.40 New 3 +2
More Country–Equo (Más País–Equo) 330,345 1.36 New 2 +2
More Commitment (Més Compromís)1 176,287 0.73 +0.07 1 ±0
More Country (Más País) 52,478 0.22 New 0 ±0
More Country–Aragonese Union–Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo) 23,196 0.10 New 0 ±0
Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) 530,225 2.19 +0.28 8 +1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 379,002 1.56 +0.05 6 ±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 277,621 1.14 +0.15 5 +1
Popular Unity Candidacy–For Rupture (CUP–PR) 246,971 1.02 New 2 +2
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 228,856 0.94 −0.31 0 ±0
Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)2 124,289 0.51 −0.15 2 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 120,456 0.50 +0.14 1 +1
Sum Navarre (NA+) 99,078 0.41 ±0.00 2 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 68,830 0.28 +0.08 1 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 35,042 0.14 −0.04 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 27,272 0.11 +0.03 0 ±0
Teruel Exists (¡TE!) 19,761 0.08 New 1 +1
More Left (Més–MxMe–esquerra)3 18,295 0.08 −0.02 0 ±0
Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) 14,046 0.06 +0.02 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 13,828 0.06 −0.01 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 13,029 0.05 ±0.00 0 ±0
Yes to the Future (GBai) 12,709 0.05 −0.04 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 10,243 0.04 New 0 ±0
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 9,725 0.04 +0.01 0 ±0
Coalition for Melilla (CpM) 8,955 0.04 +0.01 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 5,970 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0
For Ávila (XAV) 5,416 0.02 New 0 ±0
Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) 5,416 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0
The Greens (Verdes) 3,287 0.01 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 3,150 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0
Feminist Initiative (IFem) 3,005 0.01 New 0 ±0
We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) 2,339 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0
We Are Region (Somos Región) 2,328 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0
Left in Positive (IZQP) 2,325 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Canaries Now (ANC–UP) 2,032 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) 2,015 0.01 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 2,000 0.01 New 0 ±0
Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) 1,466 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 1,347 0.01 New 0 ±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) 1,259 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 1,171 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 1,068 0.00 New 0 ±0
United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) 1,067 0.00 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 941 0.00 −0.01 0 ±0
Andecha Astur (Andecha) 887 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) 819 0.00 New 0 ±0
Puyalón (PYLN) 630 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE de las JONS) 616 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) 585 0.00 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) 530 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Andalusian Convergence (CAnda) 520 0.00 New 0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 461 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) 270 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) 249 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Centered (centrados) 234 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Plural Democracy (DPL) 214 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR) 113 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
XXI Convergence (C21) 72 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Union of Everyone (UdT) 26 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Blank ballots 217,227 0.90 +0.14
Total 24,258,228 350 ±0
Valid votes 24,258,228 98.98 +0.03
Invalid votes 249,487 1.02 −0.03
Votes cast / turnout 24,507,715 66.23 −5.53
Abstentions 12,493,664 33.77 +5.53
Registered voters 37,001,379
Sources[140][141][142][143]
Footnotes:
  • 1 More Commitment results are compared to Commitment: Bloc–Initiative–Greens Equo totals in the April 2019 election.
  • 2 Canarian Coalition–New Canaries results are compared to the combined totals of Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party and New Canaries in the April 2019 election.
  • 3 More Left results are compared to Progressive Voices totals in the April 2019 election.
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 28.00%
PP
 
 20.81%
Vox
 
 15.08%
Unidas Podemos
 
 12.86%
Cs
 
 6.80%
ERC–Sob.
 
 3.63%
Más País
 
 2.40%
JxCat–Junts
 
 2.19%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.56%
EH Bildu
 
 1.14%
CUP–PR
 
 1.02%
CCa–PNC–NC
 
 0.51%
BNG
 
 0.50%
NA+
 
 0.41%
PRC
 
 0.28%
¡TE!
 
 0.08%
Others
 
 2.73%
Blank ballots
 
 0.90%
Seats
PSOE
 
 34.29%
PP
 
 25.43%
Vox
 
 14.86%
Unidas Podemos
 
 10.00%
ERC–Sob.
 
 3.71%
Cs
 
 2.86%
JxCat–Junts
 
 2.29%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.71%
EH Bildu
 
 1.43%
Más País
 
 0.86%
CUP–PR
 
 0.57%
CCa–PNC–NC
 
 0.57%
NA+
 
 0.57%
BNG
 
 0.29%
PRC
 
 0.29%
¡TE!
 
 0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 10 November 2019 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 19,481,846 30.62 +1.29 93 −30
People's Party (PP) 17,074,301 26.84 +7.68 83 +29
United We Can (Unidas Podemos) 7,884,444 12.39 −0.38 0 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU) 5,993,304 9.42 −0.25 0 ±0
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) 1,440,373 2.26 +0.15 0 ±0
In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU) 450,767 0.71 −0.03 0 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 4,951,350 7.78 −7.07 0 −4
Vox (Vox) 3,229,631 5.08 −3.27 2 +2
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 3,054,285 4.80 +0.41 11 ±0
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 3,040,779 4.78 +0.40 11 ±0
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) 11,894 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0
Republican Left (esquerra)1 1,612 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) 1,689,482 2.66 +0.53 3 +1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 1,152,440 1.81 +0.16 9 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 977,844 1.54 −0.30 0 ±0
More Country (Más País) 960,287 1.51 New 0 ±0
More Commitment (Més Compromís)2 474,607 0.75 −0.05 0 ±0
More Country–Equo (Más País–Equo) 384,728 0.60 New 0 ±0
More Country–Aragonese Union–Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo) 51,532 0.08 New 0 ±0
More Country (Más País) 49,420 0.08 New 0 ±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 842,993 1.33 +0.43 1 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 411,948 0.65 +0.18 0 ±0
Sum Navarre (NA+) 309,357 0.49 +0.04 3 ±0
Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)3 220,299 0.35 −0.09 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 176,740 0.28 +0.06 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 128,201 0.20 −0.04 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 70,514 0.11 +0.02 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 69,326 0.11 +0.04 0 ±0
Teruel Exists (¡TE!) 57,340 0.09 New 2 +2
Yes to the Future (GBai)4 52,076 0.08 n/a 0 ±0
Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) 50,663 0.08 +0.02 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 41,773 0.07 New 0 ±0
More Left (Més–esquerra) 37,727 0.06 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 28,052 0.04 +0.01 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 26,258 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 22,767 0.04 +0.01 0 ±0
For Ávila (XAV) 21,340 0.03 New 0 ±0
Coalition for Melilla (CpM) 17,427 0.03 +0.01 0 ±0
Feminist Initiative (IFem) 14,139 0.02 New 0 ±0
Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) 13,099 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0
We Are Region (Somos Región) 12,888 0.02 −0.01 0 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 7,622 0.01 New 0 ±0
We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) 7,058 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 7,021 0.01 New 0 ±0
Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) 7,015 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 6,350 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0
Canaries Now (ANC–UP) 6,196 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Left in Positive (IZQP) 4,786 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Andecha Astur (Andecha) 4,518 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) 4,276 0.01 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE de las JONS) 4,179 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Gomera Socialist Group (ASG) 3,628 0.01 ±0.00 1 ±0
More for Menorca (MxMe) 3,310 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 2,331 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 2,327 0.00 −0.01 0 ±0
Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) 2,307 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Greens (Verdes) 1,862 0.00 New 0 ±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) 1,557 0.00 New 0 ±0
Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 1,514 0.00 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Land (TA) 1,509 0.00 New 0 ±0
Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) 1,439 0.00 New 0 ±0
Puyalón (PYLN) 1,373 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) 1,115 0.00 New 0 ±0
European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) 974 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) 855 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Centered (centrados) 734 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Plural Democracy (DPL) 428 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) 401 0.00 New 0 ±0
XXI Convergence (C21) 257 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Union of Everyone (UdT) 79 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots[m] 451,449 1.89 +0.18
Total 63,619,307 208 ±0
Valid votes 23,825,576 97.70 −0.28
Invalid votes 561,601 2.30 +0.28
Votes cast / turnout 24,387,177 65.91 −5.41
Abstentions 12,614,202 34.09 +5.41
Registered voters 37,001,379
Sources[70][140][141][142][144]
Footnotes:
  • 1 Republican Left results are compared to Now Ibiza and Formentera totals in the April 2019 election.
  • 2 More Commitment results are compared to Commitment: Bloc–Initiative–Greens Equo totals in the April 2019 election.
  • 3 Canarian Coalition–New Canaries results are compared to the combined totals of Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party and New Canaries in the April 2019 election.
  • 4 Within the Change alliance in the April 2019 election.
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 30.62%
PP
 
 26.84%
Unidas Podemos
 
 12.39%
Cs
 
 7.78%
Vox
 
 5.08%
ERC–Sob.
 
 4.80%
JxCat–Junts
 
 2.66%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.81%
PACMA
 
 1.54%
Más País
 
 1.51%
EH Bildu
 
 1.33%
NA+
 
 0.49%
¡TE!
 
 0.09%
ASG
 
 0.01%
Others
 
 2.36%
Blank ballots
 
 1.89%
Seats
PSOE
 
 44.71%
PP
 
 39.90%
ERC–Sob.
 
 5.29%
EAJ/PNV
 
 4.33%
JxCat–Junts
 
 1.44%
NA+
 
 1.44%
Vox
 
 0.96%
¡TE!
 
 0.96%
EH Bildu
 
 0.48%
ASG
 
 0.48%

Maps

  • Election results by constituency (Congress).
    Election results by constituency (Congress).
  • Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress).
    Vote winner strength by constituency (Congress).
  • Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress).
    Vote winner strength by autonomous community (Congress).

Aftermath

Reactions

On 11 November, the day after the election, Albert Rivera resigned as leader of Citizens (Cs)[145] after the party lost over 80% of its seats in the Congress and one-third of its seats in the Senate (mainly to Vox and the PP), and announced his intention to give up the Congress seat to which he had been elected, and retire from politics entirely.[146] The PP recovered around one-third of the seats it had lost in the Congress in the April 2019 election, and almost half of the Senate seats it had lost on that occasion. The right-wing nationalist Vox party saw its seats in the Congress more than double, and it won its first directly elected Senate seats. Más País gained two seats in the Congress from Madrid (one from the PSOE and one from Podemos), while the leftist and Catalan nationalist Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) gained its first seats in the national legislature after choosing to participate at the national level for the first time.

Government formation

Further information: 2019–2020 Spanish government formation § Second formation round (November 2019 – January 2020), and Second government of Pedro Sánchez

On 7 January 2020, Pedro Sánchez was confirmed as prime minister by the Congress of Deputies.[147]

Investiture
Congress of Deputies
Nomination of Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Ballot → 5 January 2020 7 January 2020
Required majority → 176 out of 350 ☒N Simple checkY
Yes
166 / 350
167 / 350
No
165 / 350
165 / 350
Abstentions
18 / 350
18 / 350
Absentees
  • • UP–ECP–GeC (1) (on 5 Jan)
1 / 350
0 / 350
Sources[148][149][150]

2020 motion of no confidence

Motion of no confidence
Congress of Deputies
Nomination of Santiago Abascal (Vox)
Ballot → 22 October 2020
Required majority → 176 out of 350 ☒N
Yes
52 / 350
No
298 / 350
Abstentions
0 / 350
Absentees
0 / 350
Sources[148][151]

2023 motion of no confidence

In February 2023, Ramón Tamames, a former member of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), aged 89 at that moment, put himself forward to be an independent candidate for prime minister if a Vox-proposed motion of no confidence were successful.[152] The motion failed on 22 March with 52 votes in favour (Vox plus one independent), 91 abstentions (People's Party plus one independent) and 201 votes against.[153]

Motion of no confidence
Congress of Deputies
Nomination of Ramón Tamames (INDEP)
Ballot → 22 March 2023
Required majority → 175 out of 349[n] ☒N
Yes
53 / 350
No
201 / 350
Abstentions
  • • PP (88)
  • • PN (2)
  • • Foro (1)
91 / 350
Absentees
4 / 350
Sources[148]

Notes

  1. ^ Total figures include results for En Comú Podem and En Común.
  2. ^ Oriol Junqueras had his Congress of Deputies membership suspended, and as a result was forced into the Mixed Group.
  3. ^ 3 seats were vacant, pending regional appointments as a result of the 2019 Spanish regional elections.
  4. ^ Raül Romeva had his Senate membership suspended, and as a result was forced into the Mixed Group.
  5. ^ These comprised the Constitutional Court, the General Council of the Judiciary, the Supreme Court, the Council of State, the Court of Auditors and the Economic and Social Council.
  6. ^ Results for CCa–PNC (0.5%, 2 deputies) and NCa (0.1%, 0 deputies) in the April 2019 Congress election.
  7. ^ Results for CCa–PNC (0.3%, 0 senators) and NCa (0.1%, 0 senators) in the April 2019 Senate election.
  8. ^ Coalició Compromís (1 deputy and 0 senators) joined the Més Compromís alliance ahead of the November 2019 election.
  9. ^ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  10. ^ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  11. ^ Parliamentary spokespersons' debate.
  12. ^ "Women's debate".
  13. ^ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.
  14. ^ Due to the vacancy of Unidas Podemos MP Alberto Rodríguez's seat, the effective absolute majority was at 175.[154]

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