Pakatan Harapan

For its predecessor coalition (2008–2015), see Pakatan Rakyat.

Pakatan Harapan
English nameAlliance of Hope
AbbreviationPH
PresidentWan Azizah Wan Ismail
ChairmanAnwar Ibrahim
Secretary-GeneralSaifuddin Nasution Ismail
Deputy President
Founded22 September 2015 (2015-09-22)
Legalised16 May 2018 (2018-05-16)[1]
Preceded byPakatan Rakyat
Headquarters
Newspaper
  • The Rocket
  • RoketKini
  • Suara Keadilan
  • Media Oren
  • Harapan Daily
Student wingPakatan Harapan Students
Youth wingPakatan Harapan Youth
Women's wingPakatan Harapan Women
Ideology
Political positionCentre[9] to centre-left[10]
National affiliationNational Unity Government
(since 2022)
Member parties
Colours
  •   Red
  •   White
Dewan Negara
10 / 70
Dewan Rakyat
79 / 222
State Legislative Assemblies
136 / 611
Chief minister of states
3 / 13
Election symbol

(except DAP Sarawak)

(DAP Sarawak only)
Party flag
Website
pakatanharapan.my
2022 campaign website

Pakatan Harapan (PH; stylised as HARAPAN; English: Alliance of Hope) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centrist and centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has led a grand coalition government since November 2022, having previously led a single-coalition government from May 2018 to February 2020.

It is currently the largest coalition in the Dewan Rakyat with 79 seats and is part of the state governments of seven of 13 states in the country, comprising Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, Malacca and Sabah. It also provides confidence and supply in Johor for its state government led by Barisan Nasional (BN).

The coalition consists of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), People's Justice Party (PKR) and Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH).

The coalition deposed the Barisan Nasional coalition government during the 2018 Malaysian general election, ending its 60-year-long reign (counted together with its predecessor, Alliance) since independence. Pakatan Harapan fell from power as a result of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, when its chairman and then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned from office, and his Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) left the coalition along with 11 members of parliament from PKR.[11]

After the 2022 Malaysian general election resulted in a hung parliament, Pakatan Harapan entered into coalition with Barisan Nasional (BN), Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS), Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS), WARISAN, Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM), Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA), Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM), and independents to form what is commonly referred to as a national unity government, with PH chairman Anwar Ibrahim as prime minister.

History

Formation

Pakatan Harapan is a direct successor to the three-party Pakatan Rakyat coalition that consisted of the People's Justice Party, the Democratic Action Party and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). Disagreements and conflict between PAS and DAP mainly regarding the implementation of sharia law resulted in the predecessor coalition's break-up in June 2015,[12][13] and it was replaced by a new coalition in September 2015 formed by the remnants of Pakatan Rakyat and a new PAS splinter party, the National Trust Party.[14][15]

On 12 November 2016, a United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) splinter party, the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), founded and led by former Malaysian prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, confirmed that the party was committed to joining Pakatan Harapan.[16][17] It succeeded in forming an electoral pact with the coalition in December before finally becoming a member in March the next year.[18][19]

Rise to power

The coalition's presidential council was confirmed in preparation for the coalition's registration. Mahathir was made the coalition's chairman and Wan Azizah Wan Ismail president, with then-imprisoned opposition leader and Wan Azizah's husband Anwar de facto leader. The logo was initially planned to be used by all participating candidates for the 2018 general election,[20] but was rejected by Registrar of Societies and cited as a reason as to why the coalition could not be registered,[21] while the Home Affairs Ministry later cited "issues" related to DAP and BERSATU after a new logo was submitted.[22] The coalition was not registered in time for the general election and in pursuance of its plan to contest under a common logo, it was announced that the component parties would use the logo of PKR on the ballots instead, except in Sabah and Sarawak, where the local party chapters opted to use their respective logos.[23][24] The coalition secured an electoral pact with the Sabah-based Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) before the election, with party president Shafie Apdal promising members it would be represented in the federal cabinet if the coalition came to power.[25]

In the 2018 election held on 9 May, Pakatan Harapan managed to win a simple majority of seats in the Dewan Rakyat, dislodging Barisan as the ruling coalition and ending its 60-year long stint in government. Following the coalition's victory, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation announced their exit from Barisan and that they would seek to form a state government in Sabah with WARISAN and Pakatan Harapan.[26]

The coalition also formed the government in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Johor and Sabah.[note 1] It commanded a two-thirds majority in the states of Penang, Selangor and Johor.

Two days after a court date had been set for a hearing on the issue of the coalition's non-registration lodged against the Registrar, it was announced that Pakatan's registration had been officially approved on 17 May, eight days after its victory in the election.[27]

In a 2020 article published in the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute Journal of Southeast Asian Affairs, the Australian academic Ross Tapsell wrote of the coalition's efforts to ensure an independent process for former prime minister Najib's trial on corruption charges, the establishment of an independent anti-corruption commission, and the repealing of anti-fake news legislation, but also of the lack of action regarding decentralisation in relation to the Borneon states of Sabah and Sarawak, education reform, issues relating to the country's indigenous peoples (Orang Asli), racial inequality and political patronage, commenting that the Pakatan government was distracted by factional infighting.[28]

Fall from power

Main article: 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis

Mahathir unexpectedly resigned as prime minister on 24 February 2020. His party, controlling 26 members of parliament, withdrew from the coalition in support of his decision, along with 11 members of parliament from the People's Justice Party led by Anwar's deputy, Azmin Ali. The announcement was made amid speculation that Mahathir intended to form a new governing coalition that would've excluded Anwar, fueled in part by questions raised by the latter's supporters over his status as Mahathir's designated successor, which CNN reported as part of the pair's longstanding rivalry.[11][29] Despite this, Anwar believed that Mahathir was not member to any plans to exclude him from power. The political crisis sparked by Mahathir's resignation culminated in the coalition government's collapse, as it no longer had a majority in parliament. Eventually, a new rival coalition led by Mahathir's deputy, Muhyiddin Yassin, consisting of BERSATU and PAS named Perikatan Nasional, formed a new government with the support of Barisan.

The coalition thus lost its control over the states of Johor, Malacca, Perak and Kedah while a number of PKR, DAP and AMANAH representatives in those state assemblies left their parties and expressed support for the incoming state governments led by Perikatan.[30][31][32]

Return to power

In the 2022 Malaysian general election, Pakatan won most of its seats in the Dewan Rakyat in the states of Selangor, Johor, Penang, Perak, Melaka, and Negeri Sembilan, while losing to Perikatan Nasional candidates in the states of Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, and Perlis by large margins. It won the largest number of seats with 82, but fell short of the 112 needed for a simple majority. It formed a grand coalition with Barisan Nasional, two other coalitions, four parties, and independents following the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's counsel that a unity government should be formed as a result of the hung parliament. While an offer was extended to Perikatan, it chose to sit as the official opposition. This arrangement was replicated on the state-level, with Pakatan participating in the government of seven states while providing confidence and supply in Johor.

Of the four states that chose to hold state elections simultaneously, Pakatan won 24 seats in the Perak State Legislative Assembly, 1 in the Perlis State Legislative Assembly and 8 in the Pahang State Legislative Assembly. It formed a coalition government with Barisan Nasional in Perak and Pahang.

International relations

While the Pakatan Harapan coalition is not a member of any political internationals or confederations, some of its component parties are. The Democratic Action Party is a founding member of the Progressive Alliance. The People's Justice Party was listed as an observer member of the Liberal International but has since been de-listed after its leader Anwar Ibrahim publicly denied that the party was a member of any political international.

Member parties

Flag Name Ideology Position Leader(s) Seats
contested 		2022 result Current
seats 		State Legislature seats
Votes (%) Seats Composition
Member parties
PKR People's Justice Party
Parti Keadilan Rakyat 		Reformism
Anti-corruption 		Centre Anwar Ibrahim 102 15.74%
31 / 222
31 / 79
38 / 611
 DAP Democratic Action Party
Parti Tindakan Demokratik 		Social democracy
Multiculturalism 		Centre-left Anthony Loke Siew Fook 55 15.61%
40 / 222
40 / 79
86 / 611
 AMANAH National Trust Party
Parti Amanah Negara 		Islamic democracy
Progressivism 		Centre Mohamad Sabu 54 5.70%
8 / 222
8 / 79
12 / 611

Former member parties

Organisational structure

Central Leadership Council

Youth Wing (Angkatan Muda Harapan)

  • Youth Chief:
    • Woo Kah Leong (DAP)
  • Deputy Youth Chief:
    • Mohd Hasbie Muda (AMANAH)
    • Kamil Munim (PKR)
    • Nurthaqaffah Nordin (AMANAH)
  • Vice-Youth Chief:
    • Nik Abdul Razak Nik Md Ridzuan (AMANAH)
    • Young Syefura Othman (DAP)
    • Izuan Kasim (PKR)
  • Youth Secretary:
    • Musaddeq Khalid (AMANAH)
  • Deputy Youth Secretary:
    • Omar Mokhtar A Manap (PKR)
  • Youth Treasurer:
    • Lim Yi Wei (DAP)
  • Deputy Youth Treasurer:
    • Nur Najihah Muhaimin (AMANAH)
  • Youth Communications Director:
    • Muhammad Haziq Azfar Ishak (PKR)
  • Youth Public Policies Director:
    • Ong Chun Wei (DAP)
    • Nadia Fathin Syahira (PKR)
    • Ammar Atan (AMANAH)
  • Youth Mobilization Director:
    • Umar Khair (PKR)
    • Abbas Azmi (AMANAH)
    • Jason Raj Kirupanantha (DAP)
  • Youth Elections Director:
    • Asmaaliff Abdul Adam (AMANAH)
    • Prabakaran Parameswaran (PKR)
    • Keristinah Philip Selvaraju (DAP)

Women's Wing (Wanita Pakatan Harapan)

  • Women's Chief:
    • Aiman Athirah Sabu (AMANAH)
  • Deputy Women's Chief:
  • Vice-Women's Chief:
    • Anfaal Saari (AMANAH)
    • Yeo Bee Yin (DAP)
    • Juwairiya Zulkifli (PKR)
  • Women's Secretary:
    • Mashitah Ismail (AMANAH)
  • Deputy Women's Secretary:
    • Loh Ker Chean (PKR)
  • Women's Treasurer:
    • Young Syefura Othman (DAP)
  • Women's Information Chief:
    • Mariam Abdul Rashid (AMANAH)
  • Women's Communications Director:
    • Syerleena Abdul Rashid (DAP)
  • Sabah and Sarawak Committee Chief:
    • Vacant
  • East Coast Committee Chief:
    • Faizah Ariffin (PKR)

Leadership

Chairperson

No. Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Term of office Time in office Political party
1 Mahathir Mohamad
(b.1925) 		14 July 2017 24 February 2020 2 years, 225 days BERSATU
2 Anwar Ibrahim
(b.1947) 		14 May 2020 Incumbent 5 years, 350 days PKR

President

No. Name
(Birth–Death) 		Portrait Term of office Time in office Political party
1 Wan Azizah Wan Ismail
(b.1952) 		14 July 2017 Incumbent 8 years, 289 days PKR

Women's Chief

No. Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Term of office Time in office Political party
1 Zuraida Kamaruddin
(b.1958) 		14 August 2017 24 February 2020 2 years, 194 days PKR
2 Chong Eng
(b. 1957) 		18 March 2021 12 September 2021 178 days DAP
3 Aiman Athirah Sabu
(b.1972) 		12 September 2021 Incumbent 4 years, 229 days AMANAH

Youth Chief

No. Name

(Birth–Death)

Portrait Term of office Time in office Political party
1 Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad
(b. 1982) 		31 October 2017 13 December 2018 1 year, 43 days PKR
2 Syed Saddiq
(b. 1992) 		13 December 2018 24 February 2020 1 year, 73 days BERSATU
3 Shazni Munir Mohd Ithnin
(1987–2021) 		4 March 2021 6 August 2021 155 days AMANAH
4 Howard Lee Chuan How
(b. 1983) 		12 September 2021 29 July 2022 320 days DAP
5 Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen
(b. 1986) 		29 July 2022 11 March 2025 2 years, 225 days DAP
6 Woo Kah Leong
(b. 1991) 		11 March 2025 Incumbent 1 year, 49 days DAP

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

Pakatan Harapan has 79 members in the House of Representatives .

State No. Parliament Constituency Member Party
Kedah P015 Sungai Petani Mohammed Taufiq Johari PKR
Penang P043 Bagan Lim Guan Eng DAP
P045 Bukit Mertajam Steven Sim Chee Keong DAP
P046 Batu Kawan Chow Kon Yeow DAP
P047 Nibong Tebal Fadhlina Sidek PKR
P048 Bukit Bendera Syerleena Abdul Rashid DAP
P049 Tanjong Lim Hui Ying DAP
P050 Jelutong Sanisvara Nethaji Rayer Rajaji Rayer DAP
P051 Bukit Gelugor Ramkarpal Singh DAP
P052 Bayan Baru Sim Tze Tzin PKR
P053 Balik Pulau Muhammad Bakhtiar Wan Chik PKR
Perak P060 Taiping Wong Kah Woh DAP
P062 Sungai Siput Kesavan Subramaniam PKR
P063 Tambun Anwar Ibrahim PKR
P064 Ipoh Timor Howard Lee Chuan How DAP
P065 Ipoh Barat Kulasegaran Murugeson DAP
P066 Batu Gajah Sivakumar Varatharaju Naidu DAP
P068 Beruas Ngeh Koo Ham DAP
P070 Kampar Chong Zhemin DAP
P071 Gopeng Tan Kar Hing PKR
P076 Teluk Intan Nga Kor Ming DAP
P077 Tanjong Malim Chang Lih Kang PKR
Pahang P080 Raub Chow Yu Hui DAP
P089 Bentong Young Syefura Othman DAP
Selangor P096 Kuala Selangor Dzulkefly Ahmad AMANAH
P097 Selayang William Leong Jee Keen PKR
P098 Gombak Amirudin Shari PKR
P099 Ampang Rodziah Ismail PKR
P100 Pandan Mohd Rafizi Ramli PKR
P101 Hulu Langat Mohd Sany Hamzan AMANAH
P102 Bangi Syahredzan Johan DAP
P103 Puchong Yeo Bee Yin DAP
P104 Subang Wong Chen PKR
P105 Petaling Jaya Lee Chean Chung PKR
P106 Damansara Gobind Singh Deo DAP
P107 Sungai Buloh Ramanan Ramakrishnan PKR
P108 Shah Alam Azli Yusof AMANAH
P110 Klang Ganabatirau Veraman DAP
P111 Kota Raja Mohamad Sabu AMANAH
P113 Sepang Aiman Athirah Sabu AMANAH
Kuala Lumpur P114 Kepong Lim Lip Eng DAP
P115 Batu Prabakaran Parameswaran PKR
P116 Wangsa Maju Zahir Hassan PKR
P117 Segambut Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan DAP
P118 Setiawangsa Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad PKR
P120 Bukit Bintang Fong Kui Lun DAP
P121 Lembah Pantai Fahmi Fadzil PKR
P122 Seputeh Teresa Kok Suh Sim DAP
P123 Cheras Tan Kok Wai DAP
P124 Bandar Tun Razak Wan Azizah Wan Ismail PKR
Negeri Sembilan P128 Seremban Anthony Loke Siew Fook DAP
P130 Rasah Cha Kee Chin DAP
P132 Port Dickson Aminuddin Harun PKR
Malacca P135 Alor Gajah Adly Zahari AMANAH
P137 Hang Tuah Jaya Adam Adli Abdul Halim PKR
P138 Kota Melaka Khoo Poay Tiong DAP
Johor P140 Segamat Yuneswaran Ramaraj PKR
P141 Sekijang Zaliha Mustafa PKR
P142 Labis Pang Hok Liong DAP
P144 Ledang Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh PKR
P145 Bakri Tan Hong Pin DAP
P149 Sri Gading Aminolhuda Hassan AMANAH
P150 Batu Pahat Onn Abu Bakar PKR
P152 Kluang Wong Shu Qi DAP
P158 Tebrau Jimmy Puah Wee Tse PKR
P159 Pasir Gudang Hassan Abdul Karim PKR
P160 Johor Bahru Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir PKR
P161 Pulai Suhaizan Kayat AMANAH
P162 Iskandar Puteri Liew Chin Tong DAP
P163 Kulai Teo Nie Ching DAP
Sabah P171 Sepanggar Mustapha Sakmud PKR
P172 Kota Kinabalu Chan Foong Hin DAP
P186 Sandakan Vivian Wong Shir Yee DAP
Sarawak P192 Mas Gading Mordi Bimol DAP
P195 Bandar Kuching Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen DAP
P196 Stampin Chong Chieng Jen DAP
P211 Lanang Alice Lau Kiong Yieng DAP
P212 Sibu Oscar Ling Chai Yew DAP
P219 Miri Chiew Choon Man PKR
Total Kedah (1), Penang (10), Perak (11), Pahang (2), Selangor (16), F.T. Kuala Lumpur (10), Negeri Sembilan (3), Malacca (3), Johor (14), Sabah (3), Sarawak (6)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

State No. Parliamentary

constituency

No. State Constituency Member Party
Perlis P002 Kangar N08 Indera Kayangan Gan Ay Ling PKR
Kedah P009 Alor Setar N13 Kota Darul Aman Teh Swee Leong DAP
P015 Sungai Petani N28 Bakar Arang Adam Loh Wei Chai PKR
N29 Sidam Bau Wong Bau Ek PKR
Kelantan P021 Kota Bharu N09 Kota Lama Hafidzah Mustakim AMANAH
Penang P043 Bagan N07 Sungai Puyu Phee Syn Tze DAP
N08 Bagan Jermal Chee Yeeh Keen DAP
N09 Bagan Dalam Kumaran Krishnan DAP
P045 Bukit Mertajam N13 Berapit Heng Lee Lee DAP
N14 Machang Bubok Lee Khai Loon PKR
N15 Padang Lalang Daniel Gooi Zi Sen DAP
P046 Batu Kawan N16 Perai Sundarajoo Somu DAP
N17 Bukit Tengah Gooi Hsiao Leung PKR
N18 Bukit Tambun Goh Choon Aik PKR
P047 Nibong Tebal N19 Jawi Jason H'ng Mooi Lye DAP
P048 Bukit Bendera N22 Tanjong Bunga Zairil Khir Johari DAP
N23 Air Putih Lim Guan Eng DAP
N24 Kebun Bunga Lee Boon Heng PKR
N25 Pulau Tikus Joshua Woo Sze Zeng DAP
P049 Tanjong N26 Padang Kota Chow Kon Yeow DAP
N27 Pengkalan Kota Wong Yuee Harng DAP
N28 Komtar Teh Lai Heng DAP
P050 Jelutong N29 Datok Keramat Jagdeep Singh Deo DAP
N30 Sungai Pinang Lim Siew Khim DAP
N31 Batu Lancang Ong Ah Teong DAP
P051 Bukit Gelugor N32 Seri Delima Connie Tan Hooi Peng DAP
N33 Air Itam Joseph Ng Soon Siang DAP
N34 Paya Terubong Wong Hon Wai DAP
P052 Bayan Baru N35 Batu Uban Kumaresan Aramugam PKR
N36 Pantai Jerejak Fahmi Zainol PKR
N37 Batu Maung Mohamad Abdul Hamid PKR
P053 Balik Pulau N38 Bayan Lepas Azrul Mahathir Aziz AMANAH
Perak P060 Taiping N17 Pokok Assam Ong Seng Guan DAP
N18 Aulong Teh Kok Lim DAP
P062 Sungai Siput N22 Jalong Loh Sze Yee DAP
P063 Tambun N24 Hulu Kinta Muhamad Arafat Varisai Mahamad PKR
P064 Ipoh Timur N25 Canning Jenny Choy Tsi Jen DAP
N26 Tebing Tinggi Abdul Aziz Bari DAP
N27 Pasir Pinji Goh See Hua DAP
P065 Ipoh Barat N28 Bercham Ong Boon Piow DAP
N29 Kepayang Nga Kor Ming DAP
N30 Buntong Thulsi Thivani Manogaran DAP
P066 Batu Gajah N31 Jelapang Cheah Pou Hian DAP
N32 Menglembu Chaw Kam Foon DAP
N33 Tronoh Steven Tiw Tee Siang DAP
P068 Beruas N37 Pantai Remis Wong May Ing DAP
N38 Astaka Jason Ng Thien Yeong DAP
P070 Kampar N41 Malim Nawar Bavani Veraiah DAP
N42 Keranji Angeline Koo Haai Yen DAP
N43 Tualang Sekah Mohd Azlan Helmi PKR
P071 Gopeng N44 Sungai Rapat Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin AMANAH
N45 Simpang Pulai Wong Chai Yi PKR
N46 Teja Sandrea Ng Shy Ching PKR
P075 Bagan Datuk N54 Hutan Melintang Wasanthee Sinnasamy PKR
P076 Teluk Intan N55 Pasir Bedamar Woo Kah Leong DAP
P077 Tanjong Malim N57 Sungkai Sivanesan Achalingam DAP
Pahang P078 Cameron Highlands N1 Tanah Rata Ho Chi Yang DAP
P080 Raub N07 Tras Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji DAP
P082 Indera Mahkota N13 Semambu Chan Chun Kuang PKR
P083 Kuantan N14 Teruntum Sim Chon Siang PKR
P088 Temerloh N30 Mentakab Woo Chee Wan DAP
P089 Bentong N33 Bilut Lee Chin Chen DAP
N34 Ketari Thomas Su Keong Siong DAP
P090 Bera N38 Triang Leong Yu Man DAP
— Nominated member Rizal Jamin PKR
Nominated member Mohd Fadzli Mohd Ramly AMANAH
Selangor P093 Sungai Besar N04 Sekinchan Ng Suee Lim DAP
P094 Hulu Selangor N06 Kuala Kubu Baharu Pang Sock Tao DAP
P097 Selayang N14 Rawang Chua Wei Kiat PKR
N15 Taman Templer Anfaal Saari AMANAH
P098 Gombak N16 Sungai Tua Amirudin Shari PKR
P099 Ampang N19 Bukit Antarabangsa Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin PKR
N20 Lembah Jaya Syed Ahmad Syed Abdul Rahman Alhadad PKR
P100 Pandan N21 Pandan Indah Izham Hashim AMANAH
N22 Teratai Yew Jia Haur DAP
P102 Bangi N25 Kajang David Cheong Kian Young PKR
N27 Balakong Wayne Ong Chun Wei DAP
P103 Puchong N28 Seri Kembangan Wong Siew Ki DAP
N29 Seri Serdang Abbas Azmi AMANAH
P104 Subang N30 Kinrara Ng Sze Han DAP
N31 Subang Jaya Michelle Ng Mei Sze DAP
P105 Petaling Jaya N32 Seri Setia Mohammad Fahmi Ngah PKR
N34 Bukit Gasing Rajiv Rishyakaran DAP
P106 Damansara N35 Kampung Tunku Lim Yi Wei DAP
N36 Bandar Utama Jamaliah Jamaluddin DAP
N37 Bukit Lanjan Pua Pei Ling PKR
P107 Sungai Buloh N39 Kota Damansara Muhammad Izuan Ahmad Kasim PKR
P108 Shah Alam N40 Kota Anggerik Najwan Halimi PKR
N41 Batu Tiga Danial Al Rashid Haron AMANAH
P109 Kapar N42 Meru Mariam Abdul Rashid AMANAH
P110 Klang N45 Bandar Baru Klang Quah Perng Fei DAP
N46 Pelabuhan Klang Azmizam Zaman Huri PKR
N47 Pandamaran Leong Tuck Chee DAP
P111 Kota Raja N48 Sentosa Gunarajah George PKR
N50 Kota Kemuning Preakas Sampunathan DAP
P112 Kuala Langat N52 Banting Papparaidu Veraman DAP
P113 Sepang N54 Tanjong Sepat Borhan Aman Shah PKR
N56 Sungai Pelek Lwi Kian Keong DAP
Negeri Sembilan P126 Jelebu N01 Chennah Anthony Loke Siew Fook DAP
N04 Kelawang Bakri Sawir AMANAH
P127 Jempol N08 Bahau Teo Kok Seong DAP
P128 Seremban N10 Nilai Arul Kumar Jambunathan DAP
N11 Lobak Chew Seh Yong DAP
N12 Temiang Ng Chin Tsai DAP
N13 Sikamat Aminuddin Harun PKR
N14 Ampangan Tengku Zamrah Tengku Sulaiman PKR
P129 Kuala Pilah N18 Pilah Noorzunita Begum Mohd Ibrahim PKR
P130 Rasah N21 Bukit Kepayang Nicole Tan Lee Koon DAP
N22 Rahang Desmond Siau Meow Kong DAP
N23 Mambau Yap Yew Weng DAP
N24 Seremban Jaya Gunasekaren Palasamy DAP
P132 Port Dickson N29 Chuah Yew Boon Lye PKR
N30 Lukut Choo Ken Hwa DAP
N33 Sri Tanjung Rajasekaran Gunnasekaran PKR
P133 Tampin N36 Repah Veerapan Superamaniam DAP
Malacca P137 Hang Tuah Jaya N16 Ayer Keroh Kerk Chee Yee DAP
N17 Bukit Katil Adly Zahari AMANAH
P138 Kota Melaka N19 Kesidang Allex Seah Shoo Chin DAP
N20 Kota Laksamana Low Chee Leong DAP
N22 Bandar Hilir Leng Chau Yen DAP
Johor P140 Segamat N2 Jementah Ng Kor Sim DAP
P144 Ledang N10 Tangkak Ee Chin Li DAP
P145 Bakri N12 Bentayan Ng Yak Howe DAP
N13 Simpang Jeram Nazri Abdul Rahman AMANAH
P150 Batu Pahat N23 Penggaram Gan Peck Cheng DAP
P152 Kluang N28 Mengkibol Chew Chong Sin DAP
P159 Pasir Gudang N42 Johor Jaya Liow Cai Tung DAP
P160 Johor Bahru N45 Stulang Andrew Chen Kah Eng DAP
P161 Pulai N46 Perling Liew Chin Tong DAP
P162 Iskandar Puteri N48 Skudai Marina Ibrahim DAP
P163 Kulai N51 Bukit Batu Arthur Chiong Sen Sern PKR
N52 Senai Wong Bor Yang DAP
Sabah P181 Tenom N42 Melalap Jamawi Ja'afar PKR
— Nominated member Grace Lee Li Mei PKR
Sarawak P195 Bandar Kuching N09 Padungan Chong Chieng Jen DAP
N10 Pending Violet Yong Wui Wui DAP
Total Perlis (1), Kedah (3), Kelantan (1), Penang (27), Perak (24), Pahang (10), Selangor (32), Negeri Sembilan (17), Malacca (5), Johor (13), Sabah (2), Sarawak (2)

Government offices

Ministerial posts

Portfolio Office Bearer Party Constituency
Prime Minister
Minister of Finance 		Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim MP PKR Tambun
Minister of Transport Loke Siew Fook MP DAP Seremban
Minister of Agriculture and Food Security Datuk Seri Mohamad Sabu MP AMANAH Kota Raja
Minister of Housing and Local Government Nga Kor Ming MP DAP Teluk Intan
Minister of Home Affairs Senator Datuk Seri Saifuddin Nasution Ismail PKR Senator
Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Chang Lih Kang MP PKR Tanjong Malim
Minister of Communications Dato' Ahmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil MP PKR Lembah Pantai
Minister of Education Fadhlina Sidek MP PKR Nibong Tebal
Minister in the Prime Minister's Department
(Federal Territories) 		Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan MP DAP Segambut
Minister of Youth and Sports Dr. Mohammed Taufiq Johari MP PKR Sungai Petani
Minister of Health Datuk Seri Dr. Dzulkefly Ahmad MP AMANAH Kuala Selangor
Minister of Digital Gobind Singh Deo MP DAP Damansara
Minister of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development Steven Sim Chee Keong MP DAP Bukit Mertajam
Minister of Economy Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir MP PKR Johor Bahru
Minister of Human Resources Dato' Sri Ramanan Ramakrishnan MP PKR Sungai Buloh
Minister in the Prime Minister's Department
(Sabah and Sarawak Affairs) 		Datuk Ts. Mustapha Sakmud MP PKR Sepanggar
Portfolio Office Bearer Party Constituency
Deputy Minister of Women, Family and Community Development Lim Hui Ying MP DAP Tanjong
Deputy Minister of Housing and Local Government Datuk Aiman Athirah Sabu MP AMANAH Sepang
Deputy Minister of Finance Liew Chin Tong MP DAP Iskandar Puteri
Deputy Minister of Defence Adly Zahari MP AMANAH Alor Gajah
Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department
(Law and Institutional Reform) 		Kulasegaran Murugeson MP DAP Ipoh Barat
Deputy Minister of Communications Teo Nie Ching MP DAP Kulai
Deputy Minister of Education Wong Kah Woh MP DAP Taiping
Deputy Minister of Higher Education Adam Adli Abdul Halim MP PKR Hang Tuah Jaya
Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Costs of Living Senator Fuziah Salleh PKR Senator
Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Food Security Datuk Chan Foong Hin MP DAP Kota Kinabalu
Deputy Minister of Investment, Trade and Industry Sim Tze Tzin MP PKR Bayan Baru
Deputy Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh MP PKR Ledang
Deputy Minister of Tourism, Arts and Culture Chiew Choon Man MP PKR Miri
Deputy Minister of National Unity Yuneswaran Ramaraj MP PKR Segamat
Deputy Minister of Youth and Sports Mordi Bimol MP DAP Mas Gading

State governments

Pakatan Harapan forms the state governments of Pahang, Perak, Melaka and Johor in coalition with Barisan Nasional, and the state government of Sabah in coalition with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.

Note: bold as Menteri Besar/Chief Minister, italic as junior partner

Main article: State legislative assemblies of Malaysia
State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
Negeri Sembilan Menteri Besar Aminuddin Harun PKR Sikamat
Penang Chief Minister Chow Kon Yeow DAP Padang Kota
Selangor Menteri Besar Amirudin Shari PKR Sungai Tua
State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
Penang Deputy Chief Minister I Mohamad Abdul Hamid PKR Batu Maung
Penang Deputy Chief Minister II Jagdeep Singh Deo DAP Datok Keramat

Legislative leadership

Portfolio Office Bearer Party Constituency
Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat Dato' Johari Abdul PKR Non-MP
Deputy Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat Alice Lau Kiong Yeng MP DAP Lanang
State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
Malacca Deputy Speaker Kerk Chee Yee DAP Ayer Keroh
Negeri Sembilan Speaker Mk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman AMANAH Non-MLA
Pahang Deputy Speaker Lee Chin Chen DAP Bilut
Penang Speaker Law Choo Kiang PKR Non-MLA
Penang Deputy Speaker Azrul Mahathir Aziz AMANAH Bayan Lepas
Perak Deputy Speaker Jenny Choy Tsi Jen DAP Canning
Selangor Speaker Lau Weng San DAP Non-MLA
Selangor Deputy Speaker Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin PKR Bukit Antarabangsa

Official opposition

State Leader type Member Party State Constituency
Johor Balancing Force Leader Andrew Chen Kah Eng DAP Stulang
Kedah Opposition Leader Bau Wong Bau Ek PKR Sidam
Perlis Opposition Leader Gan Ay Ling PKR Indera Kayangan
Sarawak Opposition Leader Chong Chieng Jen DAP Padungan

Election results

General election results

Election Total seats won Seats contested Total votes Voting Percentage Outcome of election Election leader
2018
122 / 222
 222 5,615,822 45.56% Increase53 seats; Governing coalition (2018–2020)
later Opposition coalition (2020–2022) 		Mahathir Mohamad
2022
82 / 222
 220 5,801,327 37.46% Decrease40 seats; Governing coalition with Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and Parti Warisan Anwar Ibrahim

State election results timeline

Year Malaysia

DR

Sabah

Sbh

Sarawak

Swk

Perlis

Pls

Kedah

Kdh

Kelantan

Ktn

Terengganu

Tgu

Penang

Png

Perak

Prk

Pahang

Phg

Selangor

Sgr

Negeri Sembilan

NS

Malacca

Mlk

Johor

Jhr

2015     
2016 10/82
2017
2018 113/222 8/60 3/15 18/36 0/45 0/32 37/40 29/59 9/42 51/56 20/36 15/28 36/56
2019                      
2020 Decrease 9/73
2021 Decrease 2/82 Decrease 5/28
2022 Decrease 82/222     Decrease 1/15 Decrease 24/59 Decrease 8/42 Decrease 12/56
2023      

    

Decrease 3/36 Increase 1/45 Steady 0/32 Decrease 27/40       Decrease 32/56 Decrease 17/36   
2024         
2025 Decrease 1/73
2026        TBD TBD
Year Malaysia

DR

Sabah

Sbh

Sarawak

Swk

Perlis

Pls

Kedah

Kdh

Kelantan

Ktn

Terengganu

Tgu

Penang

Png

Perak

Prk

Pahang

Phg

Selangor

Sgr

Negeri Sembilan

NS

Malacca

Mlk

Johor

Jhr

Bold indicates best result to date.

  Present in legislature (in opposition)

  Coalition partner

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The state government of Sabah was formed with a confidence and supply agreement with WARISAN and UPKO.

References

  1. ^ Yimie Yong (17 May 2018). "It's official! Pakatan gets its certificate of registration from RoS". The Star. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  2. ^ Kumar, Ashwin (5 March 2026). "Madani government must reshape elite perspectives to protect the vulnerable, says PKR official". Sinar Daily. Retrieved 8 March 2026. Collectively, Pakatan Harapan (PH) forms a coalition for Malaysians who aspire to implement progressive and moderate governance policies. – Aidi Amin Yazid, PKR Deputy Secretary-General
  3. ^ Weiss, Meredith L. (8 July 2024). "Whither Institutional Reform in Malaysia?". ISEAS Perspective. Retrieved 8 March 2026. When PH first secured a parliamentary majority, ousting BN, in 2018, it promised a 'Malaysia Baru': a new Malaysia of probity and progressive ideals... Recognizing that 'the country's reputation has been tarnished following several high-profile scandals', the manifesto commits to 'building a liberal and progressive pluralistic society, maintaining institutional reforms, raising the value of integrity, and respecting the independence of the judicial and legislative bodies'.
  4. ^ [2][3]
  5. ^ "In 'New Malaysia,' Race Continues to Cast a Long Shadow". Jakarta Globe. 30 June 2024. Retrieved 8 March 2026. The problem with Pakatan Harapan as a multiracial coalition is that it is not seen as championing the Malays.
  6. ^ a b Achariam, Noel (3 August 2022). "PKR must redouble efforts to win back disillusioned supporters, says Rafizi". The Malaysian Insight. Retrieved 13 February 2026. Our focus is to rebuild the support and movement to convince the people that we are a centrist party. Especially the middle-class and multiracial voters where their political views are undecided. – Rafizi Ramli, Deputy President of PKR
  7. ^ [5][6]
  8. ^ "Be centrists, reject politically expedient extremism - Harapan urges M'sians". Malaysiakini. 31 August 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2026. The Harapan presidential council also urged Malaysians to reject any extremist views... '...Malaysia has no choice except to return to the middle ground, leaving behind all doubts and past beliefs that threatened the continuity of the rakyat's success to bring about significant change on May 9, 2018,' said the Harapan presidential council's PKR president Anwar Ibrahim, Bersatu president Muhyiddin Yassin, Amanah president Mohamad Sabu and DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng.
  9. ^ [6][8]
  10. ^ Zhang, Kevin; Wan, Joshua Zi Wei (5 January 2023). "How a less influential Islamic party becomes the largest one in Malaysia's parliament". The Jakarta Post. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute / The Conversation. Retrieved 13 February 2026. Meanwhile, the two other coalitions – the centre-left Pakatan Harapan (translated as Alliance of Hope), and the centre-right Barisan Nasional (translated as National Front) – secured 81 and 30 seats respectively.
  11. ^ a b Teoh, Shannon (24 February 2020). "Mahathir resigns as Malaysian Prime Minister, PH loses majority after MPs leave". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  12. ^ "Pakatan Rakyat Split Will Change Country's Political Landscape". Bernama. Malaysian Digest. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  13. ^ Asrul Hadi Abdullah Sani (18 June 2015). "Break up of Malaysia's opposition bloc Pakatan Rakyat: What happened and what's next?". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  14. ^ Harits Asyraf Hasnan (22 September 2015). "New Pakatan Harapan coalition formed". Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  15. ^ Shannon Teoh (23 September 2015). "Malaysia's opposition forms Pakatan Harapan alliance". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  16. ^ Melissa Goh (12 November 2016). "'The only way to win is to unite and contest under one party': Mahathir". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  17. ^ Sheridan Mahavera (16 November 2016). "By courting rural Muslims, has Malaysia's opposition found key to winning power for first time in 60 years?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  18. ^ Hana Naz Harun (13 December 2016). "PPBM officially signs agreement to join Pakatan Harapan". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 14 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  19. ^ "PPBM wants name change before joining Pakatan Harapan". Antara Pos. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
  20. ^ "Dr Mahathir Mohamad is Pakatan chairman, Dr Wan Azizah made president". The Malay Mail. Today Online. 14 July 2017. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  21. ^ Shahar, Fairuz Mohd (28 July 2017). "Pakatan party registration hits roadblock as RoS rejects logo | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  22. ^ Yunus, Arfa (20 November 2017). "Harapan's RoS registration held up by DAP, PPBM 'issues': Tun Mahathir | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  23. ^ Julia Chan (6 April 2018). "Sabah, Sarawak Pakatan parties won't use common logo". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. This was a big decision for us, to be able to exercise our autonomy and decide for ourselves. We chose to use our own respective party flags. So, PKR, DAP and Amanah flags will be used here.
  24. ^ Rizalman Hamim; Mohd Fahmi Mohd Yusof (6 April 2018). "Pakatan to use PKR logo in GE14". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  25. ^ "Warisan seals electoral pact with DAP and PKR". Malaysiakini. 2 April 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 2 April 2018.(subscription required)
  26. ^ Tan Su Lin (10 May 2018). "UPKO umum keluar BN, wujud kerajaan campuran dengan Warisan" (in Malay). Astro Awani. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  27. ^ Abas, Azura (17 May 2018). "PH and PPBM are registered entities | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  28. ^ Tapsell, Ross (2020). "Malaysia in 2019". Southeast Asian Affairs. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute: 191–208. doi:10.1355/aa20-1k. JSTOR 26938891. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  29. ^ Regan, Helen (24 February 2020). "Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigns". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  30. ^ "Johor's Pakatan Harapan state government falls, new coalition to take over". CNA. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  31. ^ "Umno leader tipped to be new Melaka Chief Minister". New Straits Times. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  32. ^ "Kerajaan Pakatan Harapan Perak tumbang (Perak Pakatan Harapan government collapses)". Berita Harian. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  33. ^ Pakatan Harapan supported the leadership of Mukhriz Mahathir. His party BERSATU left PH on February, but he did not support Perikatan Nasional federal government. This arrangement was toppled on May by BERSATU members and other MLAs defecting from PH who agreed to form Perikatan Nasional government led by PAS.
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